Term
| What are the 3 major indications for sonography for the postmenopausal women? |
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Definition
evaluate the endometrium in patients with abnormal bleeding
evaluate the ovaries and uterus in women with a palpable pelvic mass
screen for endometrial or ovarian cancer in high risk women |
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Term
| What does the ovaries gradually do as a women ages? |
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Definition
| the ovaries gradually become unresponsive to the gonadotropins as a women ages, and stop producing progesterone, estradiol and significant levels of estrogen |
|
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Term
| how does the ovary become once it starts to gradually become unresponsive to the gonadotropins? |
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Definition
| ovaries also atrophy and decrease in size, with disappearance of follicles over the next few years |
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Term
| what happens to the menses as women age? |
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Definition
| becomes irregular and generally ceases between 45-55 years of age |
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Term
| what happens to the endometrium, uterus and vagina once menopause begins? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens to the uterus in post menopause? |
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Definition
the uterus becomes infantile in appearance and decreases in size after menopause, with the most rapid decrease in the first 5 years
the body of the uterus diminishes in size relative to the cervix |
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Term
| what is the most common gynecologic malignant disease? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how does a normal postmenopausal endometrium look like? |
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Definition
| endometrium is atrophic, usually a thin, echogenic line |
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Term
| what is the threshold of the endo for an asymtomatic women and for a women who are bleeding? |
|
Definition
threshold of 8 mm in thickness
4 mm for women who are bleeding |
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Term
| how does the endo look for a patient receiving Hormone replacement therapy? |
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Definition
| endo resembles a pre-menopausal cyclincal endometrium and can measure up to 8mm |
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|
Term
| What does estrogenic hormone cause to the endometrium? |
|
Definition
| increased endometrial thickness, as well as an increased incidence of endometrial hyperplasia, polyps and cancer |
|
|
Term
| why are estrogenic hormones prescribed in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods? |
|
Definition
| to protect against fractures caused by osteoporosis and to alleviate menopausal symptoms |
|
|
Term
| estrogen hormone is prescribed to which women? |
|
Definition
| to women who has hyterectomy |
|
|
Term
| to which women is progestrone hormone prescribed and why? |
|
Definition
| to women who still have a uterus progesterone is added to decrease the risk of endometrial cancer |
|
|
Term
| what are the conraindications of HRT? |
|
Definition
previous thromboembolic disease
impaired LFT/liver disease
Ca breast
Ca endometrium
Fibroids & endometriosis |
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