Term
| definition of population geography |
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Definition
| the study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places |
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Term
| world population distribution |
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Definition
Almost half the world’s population in the 2 concentrated pockets in Asia
1st reason is because land is only 29% of earth, almost everyone lives on land
2nd - 90% of the people live on about 20% of the land
3rd – only about 60% of land is permanently inhabited |
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Term
| 3 major concentrations of population and top 10 countries |
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Definition
Most populated countries in the world
• China, India, US, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia, Japan
3 major concentrations
• Eastern Asia, South Asia, Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| Area of Earths surface inhabited permanently by humans |
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Term
| physical Earth factors related to distribution |
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Definition
About 2/3 of earth’s population live within 300 miles of the ocean
Arable land – good farming land (flat lands, valleys, flood plains)
Climate |
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Term
| population density and elevation |
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Definition
| population tends to be close to the ocean, thus lower elevation = higher pop density? |
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Term
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Definition
| the statistical study of human populations |
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Term
| measures of population change |
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Definition
| crude birth rate, total fertility rate, replacement fertility rate (replacement rate), crude death rate, infant mortality; population (age-sex) pyramids |
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Term
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Definition
| # of live births per 1000 people, per year |
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Term
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Definition
# of children the average woman has in her lifetime
• Things affecting fertility rate
o Social/cultural – how many kids does a typical family have
o Science/medicine
o Government policies |
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Term
| replacement fertility rate (replacement rate) |
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Definition
| 2.1-2.5 kids per woman in her lifetime |
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Term
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Definition
| deaths per 1000 people, per year |
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Term
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Definition
• Mortality – age adjusted death rate
# of deaths before age 1 per 1000 live births |
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Term
| population (age-sex) pyramids, including some distinctive shapes and their meanings |
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Definition
A graphical device for seeing the age sex distribution of the population of a country
Typical types are stationary, constrictive, bulges or holes, pyramid |
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Term
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Definition
| ratio of young children/elderly people that are dependant vs. the working force who provides for themselves |
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Term
| demographic (hidden) momentum |
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Definition
| a single/group of events does not immediately change pop growth or decline |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Demographic Change Equation—natural change, net migration |
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Definition
Rate of natural change = rate of pop growth – rate of loss (%)
Net migration change = people migrating in – people leaving
P(2) = P(1) + B – D + I – O
• P(2) = final pop
• P(1) = starting pop
• B = birth
• D = death
• I = migration in
• O = migration out |
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Term
| world population growth—linear vs. exponential growth |
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Definition
| linerar in the past when population was kept it check, exponetial w/ the industrial revolution ect. |
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Term
| biotic potential (“J-curve”) and carrying capacity (“S-curve”) |
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Definition
"J"
no limiting factors
• exponential growth
Growth at maximum fertility rate
"S"
limiting factors included
• Slope of line flattens out when capacity is reached |
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Term
| technological changes and carrying capacity |
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Definition
| • Technological advances can increase carrying capacity |
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Term
| world history and pattern of growth rates, including current rates |
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Definition
Jumps in population after big events
• Agricultural revolution, industrial revolution, medical revolution
Drops after catastrophic events (Large wars, plauge)
o Growth Now
Estimated 1.23% pop growth this year
Pop growth rate is slowing down
Max worldwide growth rate was in 1960’s
Majority of growth is in less developed countries, richer countries tend to have growth rates very close to 0 |
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Term
| Demographic Transition Model |
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Definition
Model of how pop growth or decline happens over time
Talks about 4 stages (+ 1 more) of countries
• Stage 1 – death and birth rates fairly balanced, slow pop growth
• Stage 2–birth rate high, death rate declining, increasing pop growth
• Stage 3 – low death rate, birth rate declines, still pop growth
• Stage 4 – low birth and death rates, slow pop growth
• Stage 5 – birth rate below the low death rates, declining pop |
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Term
| Malthus’ An Essay on the Principle of Population |
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Definition
1798
book on need to limit pop growth |
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Term
| need-to-limit-growth arguments (Malthusian and neo-Malthusianism) |
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Definition
• Recourses are finite/limited
• Food production can only increase linearly
• Optimal maximum population – “carrying capacity”
• Malthusiansim, neomalthusianism |
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Term
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Definition
| Zero population growth, just replacement rate |
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Term
| calculating the carrying capacity |
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Definition
| based on limiting factors (food, land, water, ect.) |
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Term
| no-need-to-limit-growth arguments |
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Definition
Food growth doesn’t have to be linear, technology
People have been regulating population growth rates
God’s job to regulate population growth
New pop = technological innovation
Higher pop = larger work forces, larger group of consumers
No lack of food, distribution problem
Overpop = regional, not global |
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Term
| scales of migration (total and partial displacement, external and internal migration) |
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Definition
o Varying Scales of Migration
• Total vs. Partial displacement
• Total displacement migration = new activity space doesn’t overlap at all w/ old activity space
o External migration = out of country
o Internal migration = stay in country
• Partial displacement migration = new activity space has some overlap w/ old activity space |
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Term
| channelized migration and migration streams |
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Definition
o Channelized Migration (Migration Streams)
• More migration to certain places than would be predicted by a gravity model
• Migration streams = the extra migration than what predicted
o There are streams to the south, but also out of it |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| African American internal migration in 20th c. |
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Definition
| • Blacks all leave south when cotton pickers invented, many moving back to urban south |
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Term
| motivations to migrate: continuum of forced<—>voluntary motivations |
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Definition
o Forced ←→ Voluntary Continuum
• Trail of tears – Indians from Florida to Oklahoma
• Slave trade
• Blacks all leave south when cotton pickers invented, many moving back to urban south |
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Term
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Definition
| large numbers of migrating people into other countries out of Africa |
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Term
| American Indian ‘Trail of Tears’ |
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Definition
| • Trail of tears – Indians from Florida to Oklahoma |
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Term
| push(-) and pull(+) factors |
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Definition
• Push - bad things making you want to leave
• Pollution, war
• Pull – things making you want to come
• Good job, nice climate, family
• Life events |
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Term
| anticipated place utility |
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Definition
o Anticipated Place Utility
• How you expect a place meet your needs, satisfy you, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| people fleeing from something in there country, causes mass migration |
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Term
| spatial search and choice models |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A study of production, distribution, and consumption of comodities |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| subsistence, commercial (market), planned economies |
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Definition
subsistence - when preforming economic activities for your immediate social group, little accumulated wealth
Commercial (market) - buying and selling, price and production can vary, guided by a profit motive
planned economics - controlled or influenced by the govt |
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Term
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Definition
| Supply demand price - lecture 10 chart* |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| assumption of economically rational behavior |
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Definition
1. Economic agents are motivated by maximizing economic utility (higher revenue lower cost)
2. Economic agents have complete and accurate knowledge relevent to economic decisions |
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Term
| categories (sectors) of economic activities: primary |
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Definition
| Agriculture, gathering industries (fishing), extractive industries (mining) |
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Term
| categories (sectors) of economic activities: secondary |
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Definition
| Manufacturing, processing, construction, power production |
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Term
| categories (sectors) of economic activities: tertiary |
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Definition
| retail and wholesale, personal and public services, transportation and communication |
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Term
| categories (sectors) of economic activities: quaternary |
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Definition
| information, research, education, management |
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Term
| categories (sectors) of economic activities: quinary |
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Definition
| executive decision-making |
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Term
| ways location affects economic activities |
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Definition
| sub-distance, market - location affects supply and demand |
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Term
| explanatory vs. normative models |
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Definition
explanatory - shows what is
normative - shows what should be (huff model) |
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Term
| spatially fixed and variable costs (basic and locational costs) |
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Definition
fixed - basic (energy, rent, ect.)
variable - locational (taxes changing place to place, variable labor costs) |
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Term
| behavioral approach to economic geography |
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Definition
| Economic maximization is not the only motivator: tradition, likes and dislikes are motivators |
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Term
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Definition
Tough way to make it
Gathering provides more food than hunting
Hard to support a lot of people
Much less than 1% now lives by this method |
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Term
| sex-role division of labor |
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Definition
| sex-role division of labor |
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Term
| origins of agriculture (first agricultural revolution) |
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Definition
| End of the last ice age, 8-10k B.C. |
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Term
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Definition
| culture hearth where many agricultural innovations came |
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Term
| vegetative and seed planting |
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Definition
| 2 ways to do agriculture, seed = putting seed in ground, vegetative = cutting the plant and planting that into the ground |
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Term
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Definition
| mixing plants to get ideal traits |
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Term
| animal domestication (herding) |
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Definition
Animals who were originally domesticated were pets/religious symbols, not food
eventually bred animals specifically for eating |
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Term
| Sauer’s Agricultural Origins and Dispersal |
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Definition
| book on where agriculture started and it spreading |
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Term
| innovations in agriculture |
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Definition
Hybridizing plants/animals
Irrigation
Metal Plows – iron steel
Chemicals
• Fertilizer
• Pesticides
• herbicides |
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Term
| Green Revolution (third agricultural revolution) |
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Definition
• New strains developed that grow in harsh growing conditions
• Send these new strains to Africa, Asia, and Latin America underdeveloped countries |
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Term
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Definition
| directly altering genetic code for better plants |
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Term
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Definition
| using GPS & GIS to optimize growing and use of chemicals (micro monitoring fields) |
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Term
| extensive vs. intensive agriculture |
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Definition
Extensive – low cost, low profit
• Small about of labor, and other financial investments per acre/area
• Produces less valuable products
• Can take place on lower quality farm land/climate
• Supports fewer people per acre
Intensive – high cost, high profit
• High cost per acre
• Lots of labor, and/or irrigation, chemicals
• Produces more valuable products
• Requires better conditions
• Supports higher # of people |
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Term
| subsistence, commercial, planned agriculture |
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Definition
o Subsistence Agriculture (you and your family survive off of what you grow)
o Commercial Agriculture (off farm sale)
Extensive growing
• Range livestock, grains
• Less costly to transport
Intensive growing
• California excels at this like now other
• Flowers, strawberries, grapes, broccoli, avocados, dairy, grain fed livestock
Increasingly mechanized
planned - introducing agriculture into less developed countries? |
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Term
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Definition
• Primarily in rain forests
• Cut down and burn plants to put nutrients back into soil |
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Term
| nomadic herding (nomadism) |
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Definition
• In areas with worst soil in world
travel around with a herd to eat/sell/trade travel for their grazing |
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Term
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Definition
| primary sustinence crop that is intensive |
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Term
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Definition
| using the bed of a truck to farm in |
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Term
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Definition
| corporation in farming business |
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Term
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Definition
| govt setting minimum price to make sure farmers can make profit |
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Term
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Definition
o What to Grow Where?
Model of land use purely based on economic geography
o Assumptions
Isolated state
Isotropic plain
1 transport mode, cost up with distance
Economic rational |
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Term
| land rent (locational rent) |
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Definition
o Land Rent Varies With Distance From Market Town
Intensive farming most profitable close to market
Extensive farming more profitable farm (cheaper to transport) |
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Term
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Definition
o Pattern of Concentric Rings Around Market Town
Dairying and market gardening
Specialty farming
Cash grain and livestock
Mixed farming
Extensive grain farming or stock raising |
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Term
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Definition
| the area where a certain type of agriculture is profitable |
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Term
| relaxing von Thünen's assumptions |
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Definition
| If transport paths made available certain places farther away are technically “closer”, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| cottage and guild industries |
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Definition
o Cottage and Guild Industries
• Small home based manufacturing by untrained specialists
• Guild – self-regulating association of skilled craftsmen |
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Term
| origin and diffusion of Industrial Revolution |
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Definition
o Industrial Revolution, England (Mid 1700’s)
• Fuels will replace human and animal power
• Cotton textiles were the first to industrialize
o Diffusion of Industrial Revolution
• Tried to prevent it with secrecy, wanted to control markets, etc. |
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Term
o Industrial Revolution, England (Mid 1700’s)
• Fuels will replace human and animal power
• Cotton textiles were the first to industrialize
break-of-bulk points |
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Definition
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Term
| Weber's cost-minimization approach to factory location |
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Definition
o Transport of Resource (Raw Materials) to Factory, Product to Market
• Closer to raw materials usually means farther from market |
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Term
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Definition
• MI = weight of localized raw materials / weight of finished product
• Best place for factory is where the total distance to each of the materials locations is minimalized if MI = 1 |
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Term
| localized and ubiquitous raw materials |
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Definition
• Ubiquitous raw materials – raw materials that are pretty much everywhere
• Not relevant to factory location because they are always available |
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Term
| raw-material (resource) orientation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| characteristics of materials or products other than weight that are relevant to factory location |
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Definition
o Not Just Weight Change to Materials
• Weight Gain
• Perishable
• Bulky
• Can be for market or raw material orientation for each of these |
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Term
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Definition
• Spatial median – location that minimizes the sum of the distances to all other points
o Best spatial median is with a weighted spatial median
• Heavier materials pull more |
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Term
| location allocation problem |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
o General Space-Cost Functions
• Costs go up in certain area
• Profit is based on revenue – costs
• Its only profitable to do business in areas where your costs will be below you revenue |
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Term
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Definition
costs or saving not resulting DIRECTLY from the activity of a particular economic agent
Not due to 1 company but to all companies in that industry(localization economies)or in that region(urbanization ecoomies) |
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Term
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Definition
'No industry is an island;
From perspective of manufacturer there are backward and foreward links |
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Term
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Definition
| Business or non-trade activity that is not associated with the core activities of a firm. |
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Term
| agglomeration economies and diseconomies |
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Definition
The spatial grouping of people or activites for mutual benefit
advantages - shared work force, auxilary service providers and suppliers
specialized regions developed around industrys
disadvantages - compitition for recources and labor force
population and congestion
additional costs for agglomeration, ie land value going up |
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Term
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Definition
| buisnesses grouped together in tight proximity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| globalization of manufacturing (transnational and conglomerate corporations) |
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Definition
o Transnational & Conglomerate Corporations
• Do lots of different money making activities
• Sell multiple different products |
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Term
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Definition
• Businesses in Mexico that are operated by US
• These are located only the US – Mexico border
• Zona libra
• 12 mile buffer in northern Mexico on the border, where factories located in there are treated like US domestic companies |
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Term
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Definition
• Extended by NAFTA to all of Mexico in mid-1990’s
• About 3000 factories right here
• Huge portion of Mexico’s industrial output |
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Term
| changing structure of workforce in U.S.A |
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Definition
o Labor Shifts Across Sectors
Mid 1800’s large majority primary workers 66%
Secondary rises in the middle then comes back down
Drifted to current day 83% tertiary +, 16% secondary, 1 % primary |
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Term
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Definition
Mechanization
• Machines can do the work of multiple people in the same amount of time
Economic Globalization
• Outsourcing
• Import cheap labor
Wealth + education
• Nobody wants to do the tasks that are menial labor
• Tourism + luxury goods has exploded because people have money to spend
public sector (government)
• At all levels government has grown (local, state, national, international)
• Government is a major supplier of jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| sending work out of country for cheaper labor |
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Term
| Hotelling's Locational Interdependence model of retail location |
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Definition
Location allocation model
Other companies around you determine best market area for your business |
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Term
| elastic and inelastic demand |
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Definition
• Elastic – price goes up, demand goes down
• Inelastic – price goes up, demand stays high (gas, diamonds, gold) |
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Term
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Definition
Do not have much spatially variable costs
Location doesn’t matter as much for sales
Example: mail order companies, catalog companies, internet based co.’s |
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Term
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Definition
| sports, Movies, plays, vegas shows |
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Term
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Definition
Travel for entertainment or vacation
World’s largest private industry |
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Term
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Definition
| tourism that is designed to not harm the enviornment, becoming very popular |
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Term
| legal gambling (gaming) in the U.S |
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Definition
More money in US is now spent than on recorded music, sports, non-sports entertainment, video games combined
lottery very common form |
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Term
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Definition
Can dock casino boats in international waters
River boat casinos in Iowa |
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Term
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Definition
| Biggest form is casino gambling on Native American reservations |
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Term
| Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 |
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Definition
• National Indian Gaming Commission
• Indian Casinos bring in more revenue than the state of Nevada
• 400 casinos, 200 tribes |
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Term
| definition and characteristics of development |
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Definition
Material condition of inhabitants and extent to which regions recourses are brought into full productive use
Modernization and urbanization
Particular social, cultural, and political changes
Large amount of capital or wealth
High production and consumption |
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Term
| indicators or measures of development: economic and noneconomic (demographic and human welfare) indicators |
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Definition
o Economic Indicators of Development
Gross domestic product/income (GDP/GDI) vs. gross national product/income (GNP/GNI)
% Labor force in Agriculture
Energy use per capita
Worker productivity
Availability of Consumer Goods
o Non-economic indicators
Demographic
• Fertility rate
• Death rate
• Infant mortality
Human Welfare
• Adult literacy and education
• Caloric Intake
• Access to safe water
• Availability of medical recourses
• Availability of public assistance |
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Term
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Definition
• GDP = wealth generated within a countries borders no matter who earned
• GNP = wealth generated by Americans/American companies no matter where they do it |
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Term
| purchasing power parity (PPP) |
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Definition
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Term
| aggregate (multivariate) measures of development |
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Definition
| you cant directly measure development, all the indicators can change seperately so its subjective |
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Term
| Human Development Index of the U.N. |
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Definition
| way of deviding the countries of the world into development levels |
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Term
| gross national happiness (GNH) |
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Definition
The concept of measuring happiness as an indicator of development
Bhutan’s king came up with this in 1972 |
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Term
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Definition
• Promotion of sustainable development
• Preservation and promotion of cultural values
• Conservation of natural environment
• Establishment of good governance |
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Term
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Definition
| division of the world, north developed, south undeveloped (wraps around to include australia + new zealand |
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Term
| more developed and less developed countries (know general world patterns) |
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Definition
MDC
• US, Canada, western Europe, japan, Australia, New Zealand (north)
LDC
• (south) sub-Saharan Africa, south America, asia, eastern europe |
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Term
| core/periphery/semi-periphery |
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Definition
| on north polar projection, core = MDC, periphery = LDC |
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Term
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Definition
| innovations in the MDC's eventually get passed down to the LDC's? |
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Term
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Definition
| technologies are passed to other countires? (LDC's) |
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Term
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Definition
In developed countries women are becoming more nearly equal to Men
Literacy, wages, employment %, Life expectancy |
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Term
| reasons for historical emergence of Western European core |
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Definition
Physical Factors
• Near equator it’s too hot so people become lazy
Technological innovation
• Transportation, communication, military, Utility machines
Cultural Belief systems
• Protestant devotion
o Part of religion is about being hard working and doing things to honor god
Business/finance
• Liberalism
o Places where this is the core basis for society are rich
Exploration, Colonialism, Imperialism |
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Term
| theories of development: modernization |
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Definition
| linear development, traditional -> pre conditions for take off -> take off -> drive to maturity -> high mass consumption -> post-industrial |
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Term
| theories of development: dependency |
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Definition
| resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former |
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Term
| theories of development: neoliberal counterrevolution |
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Definition
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Term
| theories of development: sustainable development |
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Definition
| resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come |
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Term
| definition and varieties of cities |
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Definition
• WHAT ARE CITIES?
o Varieties of Urban Areas
o Metropolitan Areas |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| easier trade, agglomeration...? |
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|
Term
| Metropolitan (Statistical) Areas (MSA) |
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Definition
• MSA (micro/metropolitan statistical area)
• At least 1 county
• Large pop concentration + adjacent communities |
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Term
| conurbation (Consolidated MSA) |
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Definition
• CMSA(consolidated metropolitan statistical area) (conurbation)
• Fused large cities
• Largest is megalopolis (above Boston down to below D.C.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ranges from Boston all the way down to D.C. |
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Term
| istorical origins of urban centers (when, where, why) |
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Definition
o Historical Origins of Urban Areas
• Agriculture
• Constant food supply
• Control of water
• Accumulation of material
• Stratified society
• Defense
• Trade
• Religious functions
• 1st cities – Mesopotamia 4000-5000 BC(Iraq), Nile Valley 3500 BC, west Africa |
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Term
| worldwide urbanization trend |
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Definition
o Worldwide Urbanization Trend
• Higher proportion of people living in urban areas now
• Bigger and growing cities
• Shanty towns – things on outsides of large underdeveloped cities
• Result of over urbanization |
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Term
| today's largest cities and fastest growing large cities |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| informal housing (squatter settlements) |
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Definition
• Shanty towns – things on outsides of large underdeveloped cities
• Result of over urbanization |
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Term
| basic and nonbasic industries |
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Definition
o Basic and Nonbasic industries
• Read book
• Basic – brings in money from outside the city
• Nonbasic – money inside the city moved to someone else in the city |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Christaller's Central Place Theory |
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Definition
• CHRISTALLER’S CENTRAL PLACE THEORY
o Pattern of Urban Systems in a Region
• More spread out than random |
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Term
| settlements (central places) and hinterlands (market areas) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Tessellate Region into Market Area Polygons
• Divide the area up into shapes into tiled area
• Regular array causes hexagonal
• Always convex |
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Term
| regular market area polygons (hexagons) |
|
Definition
o Urban Hierarchy of Places, Polygons
• Order of commodities
• Threshold = # of people in market area required to support a commodity
• Range = how far people are willing to travel to buy the commodity
o Low order = small threshold, short range
o High order = large threshold, long range
• With different size cities polygons form within polygons (see pic) |
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Term
| irregular market area polygons |
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Definition
| When compeating companies/cities are of diffrent sizes or spaced out unevenly they have diffrent size pulls causing the polygons to not all the same size/shape |
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Term
|
Definition
| polygons for market areas are always convex instead of concave |
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|
Term
| hierarchical nesting of central places and polygons (urban hierarchy) |
|
Definition
| hierarchical nesting of central places and polygons (urban hierarchy) |
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|
Term
| orders of central places and their commodities |
|
Definition
• Order of commodities
• Threshold = # of people in market area required to support a commodity
• Range = how far people are willing to travel to buy the commodity
o Low order = small threshold, short range
o High order = large threshold, long range |
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Term
| commodity threshold and range |
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Definition
• Threshold = # of people in market area required to support a commodity
• Range = how far people are willing to travel to buy the commodity |
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Term
| effect of accessibility and land value on the internal structure of North American cities |
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Definition
o Accessibility and Land Value
• The most accessible locations (area closest to the core of the city), the more valuable the land is
• Most accessible locations demand the highest rent
• Land value decreases as you leave the center of the city, distance decay
• Intensive to extensive urban land use |
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Term
| intensive and extensive landuse in cities |
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Definition
| land closer to CBD is more expensive and thus more proper for intensive activities, the farther you get from the CBD the more extensive the land use becomes |
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Term
| Central Business District (CBD) |
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Definition
o Urban Nucleus: Central Business District (CBD)
• Core/most intensive land use is the nucleus (known as the CBD) |
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Term
| pattern of population density in cities |
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Definition
• LAND USE/DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS (SOCIAL AREAS)
• CBD Has low population density because people can’t afford to live there
• Pop density curve as you get farther from the CBD is concave down, starting rising then decreasing, switches to concave up but still decreasing
• Often divided by social status, family status, ethnic status, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
• Modal ring = ring of highest pop density around the city center
• Has been showing a pattern of shifting outward |
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Term
| urban landuse/demographic patterns (social space): sectors, concentric circles, multiple nuclei |
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Definition
land in cities is used like with agriculture, intensive to more extensive the farther you get
concentric circles -> circles from the CBD where certain activites happen most often
multiple nuclei can change the circle patern |
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Term
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Definition
| • SUBURBANIZATION – MOVEMENT FROM CENTER |
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Term
| role of transit in suburbanization |
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Definition
o Role of Transit Mid 19th, Early 20th Century
• Light rail (street cars) – allowed some suburbanization to begin |
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Term
| reasons for post-WWII increase in U.S. suburbanization |
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Definition
o Big Increase After WWII
• Reasons:
• Ascendancy of the automobile (and highway system)
• Reduction of work week
• Flight of industry to cheaper periphery
• Government-sponsored housing loans
o Only we’re allowed to be used on building new homes
• Baby boom
• New values and attitudes |
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Term
| problems of suburbanization |
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Definition
o Problems of Suburbanization
• Deterioration of the inner city
• Urban underclass
• Decline in mass transit → automobile congestion
• Dependence of oil
• Cost of maintaining highways
• Sprawling development
• Loss of farmland
• Homogenization of the built environment
• Everywhere in the USA has the same things (target, starbucks, best buy, Wal-Mart)
• Edge Cities
• People live on edge of cities by highways |
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Term
| suburbs as bedroom communities |
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Definition
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Term
| edge cities (urban realm) |
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Definition
• Edge Cities
• People live on edge of cities by highways |
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Term
| exurbia (counter-urbanization) |
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Definition
o Exturbia
• Counter urbanization trend
• People living in wilderness/rural areas
• gentrification |
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Term
| gentrification and demographic inversion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| small areas created by the census of ~4000 people |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| laws set up to tell you what can be built where, certain zones are commercial, some are residential, some are farming, etc. |
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