Term
Idetify the parts.
[image] |
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Definition
1.terminal bud
2. blade
3.petiole
4. node
5.internode
6.stipule
7. axillary bud
8. axil |
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Term
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Definition
| The position on a stem where a leaf was or is attached |
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Term
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Definition
| The part of the stem between two nodes |
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Term
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Definition
| the upper angle formed by a leaf and the twig to which it is attached |
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Term
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Definition
| An underdeveloped shoot (stem with leaves) that can be naked or protected |
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Term
| What is the axillary bud? |
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Definition
| A bud borne in the axil of a leaf |
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Term
| What is the terminal bud? |
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Definition
| A bud borne at the tip of a stem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Scale-like modified leaves that cover and protect the terminal and axillary buds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The thin and flattened portion of a leaf: may be scale or needle like in some plants |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a pair of leaf-like appendages located at the base of a leaf. |
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Term
Identify the leaf and its distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
A simple leaf
A leaf with on undevided blade |
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Term
Identify the leaf Type and its distinguishing characteristics.
[image] |
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Definition
Pinnately compound
A compound leaf with leaflets attached to both sides of an elongated rachis(extension of the petiole above the point of attachment of the lower most leaflet). |
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Term
Identify the leaf type and it distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Bipinnately compound
A compound leaf with leaflets again pinnately |
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Term
Identify the leaf type and its distiguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Palmately compound
A compound leaf with leaflets radiating from a common point of attatchment like the fingers of a palm. |
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Term
Identify the leaf arrangement and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Basal leaf arrangement
Leaves are attatched to an underground stem or rhizome, and appear to arise directly from the ground |
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Term
Identify the leaf arrangement and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Alternate
Only one leaf is attatched at each node |
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Term
Identify the leaf arrangement and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Opposite
Two leaves attached at each node, born at opposite sides of the stem |
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Term
Identify the leaf arrangement and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Whorled
Three or more leaves attached around the stem at the same node. |
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Term
Identify the leaf venation and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Pinnate venation
Leaf has a single midvein and secondary veins diverging from it. |
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Term
Identify the leaf venation and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Palmate venation
leaf hathree or more primary veins diverging from a common point at the base of the blade: secondary veins may diverge from each primary vein |
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Term
Identify the leaf venation and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Parallel venation
Leaf has several primary veins that extend parrallel to one another and to the leaf axis throughout the full length of a leaf |
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Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
needle-like
Leaves fairly thick, needle shaped, much longer than wide |
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Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Scale-like
small,flat, often triangular shaped leaves |
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Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Linear
more than four times as long as it is wide, with parallel sides |
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Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Oblong
2-4 times as long as wide, with parallel sides |
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Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
lanceolate
lance or spearhead shaped, broadest at the base and tapering to the tip |
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Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Oblanceolate
reverse lance shaped, broadest at the tip and tapering toward the end |
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Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Elliptic
broadest at the middle tapering towards the ends |
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Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Ovate
egg-shaped brodest just below the middle |
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Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
obovate
reverse ovate,broadest just above the midlle |
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|
Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
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|
Term
Identify the leaf blade shape and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the leaf margin and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the leaf margin and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
serrate
saw-toothed, with teeth pointing more or less toward the tip of the leaf |
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Term
Identify the leaf margin and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
doubly serrate
saw-toothed, with small teeth along edges of larger teeth |
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|
Term
Identify the leaf margin and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
dentate
toothed, with teeth perpendicular to the leaf margin |
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Term
Identify the leaf margin and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Crenate
scalloped edged, with rounded teeth |
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Term
Identify the leaf margin and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Pinnately lobed.
lobes are along the sides of an elongated leaf |
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Term
Identify the leaf margin and the distinguishing characteristic.
[image] |
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Definition
Palmately lobed
lobes diverge from a common point |
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Term
| What are parenchyma cells? |
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Definition
Thin walled living cells that are found in many tissues within a plant.
living at maturity
exist aboth cells and tissues.
store food and water.
perform most metabolic functions |
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Term
| What are Collenchyma cells? |
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Definition
cells with unevenly thickened cell walls that are elongated to provide flexible support.
living at maturity.
located just beneath the epidermis.
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Term
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Definition
cells that have thick secondary walls and are dead at maturity.
provide more rigid support than collenchyma.
strengthened by lignin |
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Term
Identify the cell at the tip of the pointer.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the patch of cells just under the epidermis.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the cells at the end of the pointer.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the tissues.
[image] |
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Definition
1. pith
2.endodermis
3.primary xylem
4.secondary xylem
5.vascular cambium
6.ground tissue
7. phloem
8. cork cambium
9.epidermis |
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Term
| What is xylem and what are the cell types that make up xylem? |
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Definition
water conducting elongated tubular cells with a thick secondary wall and are dead at maturity.
Tracheids-long thin cells with tapered ends.common in gymnosperms
Vessel elements-Shorter and wider than tracheids and are branch shaped |
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Term
| What is phloem and what are the cell types that make up phloem? |
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Definition
Sugar conducting cells that are living at maturity.
seive tube elements
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Term
| What is a seive tube member? |
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Definition
Living cell of the phloem that has no nucleaus or ribosomes.
has companion cells |
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Term
| What is the function of companion cells? |
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Definition
| To load sugars into the sieve tube element |
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Term
Identify the cells in the ring.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the cells in the ring.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of cells.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the type of cells.
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Identify the red and black arrows.
[image] |
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Definition
Red: sieve tube element
Black: companion cell |
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Term
| What is the function of the meristem? |
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Definition
| To generate cells in the plant body |
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Term
| What type of growth do plants have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| Plants that complete their life cycle (germination to seed production) in 1 year |
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Term
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Definition
plants that take two years to go through germination to seed production.
1st year vegetate
2nd year flower, fruit and die |
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Term
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Definition
| plants that take more than two years to complete their lifecycle |
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Term
What is the function of the apical meristem?
What type of growth consists of only these meristems? |
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Definition
produce cells to increase heigth and length.
primary growth |
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Term
What is the function of the lateral meristem?
What type of growth consists of only these meristems? |
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Definition
thin cylinder of cells one cell layer thick that produce cells to the inside and outside of a stem or root to increase diameter and girth.
secondary growth |
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Term
Identify the stage of growth and the structures.
[image] |
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Definition
primary growth
1.epidermis
2.primary phloem
3.Cortex (Collenchyma and parenchyma)
4.Primary xylem
5. vascular cambium
6.interfascular parenchyma or pith rays
7.vascular bundle
8. Pith |
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Term
| What does the vascular cambium produce? |
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Definition
| Secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside |
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Term
| What does the cork cambium produce? |
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Definition
| Cork cells to the outside and phelloderm(Parenchyma) to the inside. |
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Term
| What make up the periderm? |
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Definition
| Cork cells, cork cambium, and phelloderm |
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Term
Identify the stage of growth and the structures.
[image] |
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Definition
secondary growth
1. epidermis
2. cortex
3.primary phloem
4. secondary phloem
5. vascular cambium
6. secondary xylem
7. primary xylem
8. pith |
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Term
| What tissues make up the bark? |
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Definition
| the periderm and secondary phloem |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal stems that grow below ground |
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Term
|
Definition
| a vertical underground shoot stem and leaf |
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Term
|
Definition
| Horizontal stems that grow on the surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| Swollen portion of a rihzome or stolon |
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Term
| Where are stoma located on a horizontal leaf? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How are stoma distributed on a vertical leaf? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Identify the structures.
[image] |
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Definition
1.Cuticle
2. Upper epidermis
3.Palisade mesophyll
4. Bundle sheath
5.Xylem
6.Phloem
7. Lower epidermis
8. Spongy mesophyll
9.Guard cell
10. Stomata
11.Cuticle
12. Vein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plants adapted to moist habitats |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plants adapted to arrid habitats |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plants adapted to water based habitats. |
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Term
|
Definition
| modified leaves with a low surface area to internal volume and are suculant(store water) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Modified leaves that attatch plants |
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Term
| What are reproductive leaves? |
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Definition
| Modified leaves that have plantlets which are preformed plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
a leaf that looks more like a flower than a leaf
found mainly in inflouresence. |
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Term
| What are the function of roots? |
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Definition
Achor the plant
Absorbs inorganic nutrients
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Term
| What are taproots and what plants are they typical of? |
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Definition
root that has a major root with branching roots.
Gymnosperms and eudicots |
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Term
| What are fibrous roots and what plants are they typical of? |
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Definition
No main root but has many equal sized roots.
Monocots |
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Term
Identify the structures.
[image] |
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Definition
1. Zone of Differentiation
2. Zone of Elongation
3. Zone of Cell division
4. Root Cap
5. Apical meristem
6.Vascular cylinder
7. Root Hair
8.Epidermis
9.Xylem
10. Cortex
11. Phloem
12.Pericycle
13.Endodermis |
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Term
Identify the structures.
[image] |
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Definition
1.Epidermis
2.Cortex
3. Endodermis
4. Pericycle
5.Phloem
6. Xylem
7. Vascular Cambium
8. Parenchym |
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|
Term
Identify the structures.
[image] |
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Definition
1. Leaf Primordium
2.Leaf
3.Apical Meristem
4. Axillary Bud
5. Protoderm
6. Procambium |
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Term
|
Definition
| Modified roots that come from lower nodes that prop the plant up |
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Term
|
Definition
| Roots modified for the storage of nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| Modified roots above the ground |
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Term
|
Definition
| Roots that function as respiratory organs in wetland plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Planklike roots that form on tropical rainforest trees above ground |
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Term
| What is the definition of adventitious in botany? |
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Definition
| Plant parts such as roots growing on plant parts they are not apart of |
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Term
| What are the functions of water in plants? |
|
Definition
Cool the plant
source of oxygen in photosynthesis
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|
Term
| What is the function of minerals in plants? |
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Definition
| To supply inorganic nutrients to synthesize organic compounds |
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Term
| What is the role of carbon dioxide in plants? |
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Definition
| Used as a source of carbon in photosynthesis |
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|
Term
| What is the role of light energy in plants? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the roles of sugar in a plant? |
|
Definition
Provide energy for the plant
provides basic building blocks for other organic compounds
Can move in both directions in a plant |
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Term
|
Definition
| The leaf oreintation and branching pattern of a plant |
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|
Term
| What is the Transpiration Cohesion - Tension Theory? |
|
Definition
describes how water moves from the roots to the leaf. Osmosis causes water to enter the xylem of roots from the soil.
1.Cohesion is due to the hydrogen bonding between the water molecules, water forms a string of molecules as it moves to the xylem.
2.Adhesion is the hydrogen binding of water molecules to the cell wall.
3.Constant transpiration at the top of the leaf pull the water molecules out of the plant.
The differences in water potentials and pressures cause this fairly constant movement of water through the plant. |
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Term
| How are ions moved into the roots? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Applastic pathway? |
|
Definition
| Water moves through cell walls and intercellular spaces |
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|
Term
| What is the symplastic pathway? |
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Definition
| Water moves cell to cell through plasmodismata |
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|
Term
| What is the transcellular pathway? |
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Definition
| Water moves from cell to cell |
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|
Term
| How does water move up a plant? |
|
Definition
1. Water enters the stele(vascular cylinder) through the endodermis of the roots.
2.Xylem sap( water + minerals) moves up through the xylem of the root and stem.
3. The properties of water allow it to cohere to charged substance such as tracheids and vessel elements.
4. water enters the leaves and diffuses into the mesophyll, becomes water vapor in the air spaces, and then evaporates out of the stomata
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|
Term
| What is the casperian strip? |
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Definition
| A waxy layer on the endodermis that can keep water and ions from moving through the cell wall |
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Term
Does the movement of water require energy?
Why does or doesn't it? |
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Definition
It requires no energy expenditure.
Because water movement is by bulk flow, movement of a liquid driven by pressure.
Water follow a gradient of water potential-The tendency of water to move |
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Term
What is the process of transpiration?
What does this cause? |
|
Definition
as 1 water molecule evaporates another water molecule takes its place.
the loss of water from the top of the plant results in a negative pressure, a pull or tension is transmitted from leaf to stem to root |
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Term
|
Definition
K+ ions are actively transported into guard cells, Water follows, turgor pressure builds up because of the radial orientation of the cellullose microfibrils, and the constant length of the thick inner walls of the guard cells.
The guard cells pull awat from one another opening the stoma |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone called abscissic acid is produced, stimulating transport of K+ out of the guard cells |
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Term
| Is the osmostic pressure created by the roots significant in the transport of water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Exudation of droplets from tips and margins of leaves at night. |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement of sugars in phloem. |
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|
Term
| What is the pressure flow hypothesis? |
|
Definition
Theory of sugar transport in plants.
1. follows a source sink pattern the source being photosynthetic leaves and the sink being any plant part not meeting its own nutritional needs |
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Term
| What percent of solutes are in the seive tube element? |
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Definition
| 10-25 percent solutes of that 90 percent are sugars, mainly sucrose |
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Term
| How do sugars move through the sieve tube elements? |
|
Definition
1. companion cells load sugar into the sieve tube element via active transport.
2. water follows the sugar washing it down the sieve tube.
3. Sugars are unloaded in the sink cell.
4. Water is recycled |
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|
Term
| Where does most plant mass come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much mass does water make up of a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mass makes up the dry mass in plants? |
|
Definition
| 96 percent is organic compounds rest is inorganic nutrients or minerals |
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|
Term
| What is most dry mass derrived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are essential elements? |
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Definition
| Elements required by plants |
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|
Term
What are macronutrients?
How many are there,what are they, and what are their primary functions in plants? |
|
Definition
Nutrients required in large amounts.
9.
CHNOPS- major components of organic compounds.
K- water balance; opening and closing of stomata
Ca- Cell Walls; Regulates responses to stimuli
Mg; Chlorophyll
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|
Term
What are micronutrients?
How many are there? |
|
Definition
Nutrients needed in small amounts
8.
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|
|
Term
| What kind of relationships do plants have to help take up nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plants that grow on another plant but get no water, minerals or organic nutrients from the host plant. |
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|
Term
| What is a parasitic plant? |
|
Definition
| Plant that absorbs sugars, minerals, and water from hosts |
|
|
Term
| What are carnivorous plants? |
|
Definition
Plant that are photosynthetic but take minerals from insects they digest.
are autotrophic |
|
|
Term
| How do plants respond to environmental factors? |
|
Definition
Adjust growth and development
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|
|
Term
| What is growth in a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is development in a plant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant response to the absence of light characterized by looking spindly, no chlorophyll, and leaves not expanded |
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|
Term
|
Definition
The changes a plant shoot undergoes in response to light.
stem elongation shows, leaves expand,
roots elongate, and the shoot produces chlorophyll |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins that change shape in response to a stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What is the receptor in de-etiolation? |
|
Definition
| Phytochrome in the cytoplasm that detects light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring a specific cellular response |
|
|
Term
| What are second messengers? |
|
Definition
| small molecules and ions in the cell that amplify the signal and transfer it from the receptor to other proteins that carrry out the response |
|
|
Term
| What are the de-etiolation second messengers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the transduction pathway of de-etiolation? |
|
Definition
1. cGMP and Ca2+ to protein kinases
2. protein kinases to transcript factors that bind to DNA |
|
|
Term
| What is the response pathway? |
|
Definition
| Pathway that leads to regulation of cellular activities, usually increased activity of enzymes |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of response? |
|
Definition
Transcriptional regulation increases or decreases mRNA synthesis
Post- translational modification activates existing enzymes
both involved in de-etiolation enzyme production |
|
|
Term
| What do Plant hormones control? |
|
Definition
| Every aspect of plant growth and development |
|
|
Term
| How are hormones usually transported? |
|
Definition
| produced in one tissue and transported to another |
|
|
Term
| What type of compounds are hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much hormone is required for activity? |
|
Definition
| Can be functional in very small quantities |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of hormones? |
|
Definition
| to inhibit, promote, or modify physiological proceses. |
|
|
Term
| What does the effect of a hormone depend on? |
|
Definition
| The concentration of the hormone |
|
|
Term
| What happens when hormones bind to receptors on cells? |
|
Definition
| They activate signal transduction pathways |
|
|
Term
| Are processes usually controlled by one or multiple hormones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth responses that result in a plant organ curving towards or away from a stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plant hormones
polar transport through parenchyma
produced in the shoot apical meristem, seeds and young leaves.
stimulates stem elongation, promotes the formation of lateral and adventitious roots.
used as herbicides in high concentrations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Plant hormones discovered in coconut endosperm.
Derrived form adenine most common is Zeatin
Synthesized primarilly in root tip meristems.
Transported up through the xylem |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of cytokinins? |
|
Definition
1. effect cell division
2. promote differentiation, including shoot formation in tissue culture
3. control of apical dominance- both cytokinins and auxins
4. anti-aging effects- delay senesence |
|
|
Term
| How do cytokinins inhibit aging? |
|
Definition
| By inhibiting protein breakdown. |
|
|
Term
| What are Gilberellins (GA)? |
|
Definition
Plant hormone from acetyl-CoA
discovered in fungi |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Gilberellins? |
|
Definition
1. elongation of shoots
2. Fruit Growth, also increase distance between internodes, allowing better air circulation
3. Induce seed germination, break dormancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mechanism to prevent seeds from germinating until conditions are good for seedling establishment |
|
|
Term
| What is Abscisic acid (ABA)? |
|
Definition
| Plant hormone from carotenoids in plastids |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Abscisic Acid(ABA)? |
|
Definition
1.slows growth
2. Closes stomata
3. induces and maintains dormancy in seeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gasous plant hormone synthesized form methionine mostly in response to stress, and in tissue undergoing senesence or ripening |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Ethylene? |
|
Definition
1. Triple response to mechanical stress
stops stem elongation, swells the stem, and grows the stem horizontally.
2. Leaf and fruit abscission
Ethylene promotes, auxin inhibits
3. Fruit ripening
color change, starch converted to sugar, cell wall materials broken down, fruits soften
4. maintain hook in emerging seedlings in the dark |
|
|
Term
| What is developmental plasticity and how does it relate to plants? |
|
Definition
The ability to alter development in response to environmental factors.
Plant can alter there development to adapt to the conditions in which they live. |
|
|
Term
| What cell types make up the ground tissue system? |
|
Definition
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Schlerenchyma |
|
|
Term
| What tissues and cell types make up the vascular tissue system? |
|
Definition
Tissues: Xylem and Phloem
Cell Types: Tracheids, vessel elements, parenchyma cells, fibers.
sieve tube members, companion cells, parenchyma cells, and fibers |
|
|
Term
| What tissues and cell types make up the dermal tissue system? |
|
Definition
Tissues: Epidermis and Periderm.
Cell types: Epidermis- parenchyma, guard cells,and trichomes.
Periderm- cork cells, cork cambium, and cork parenchyma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| region of undifferitated cells just behind the apical meristem that turns into the conducting tissues |
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|
