Term
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Definition
| The notch that forms the dividing line between the temporal and occipital lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| The main portion of a cell that contains the nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles necessary for the cell to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| A layer of protective tissue wrapped around axons of nerve cells to hasten the transmission of action potentials |
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Term
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Definition
| The base of the axon, where it meets the cell body of the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| The small gaps between myelin sheaths in the myelinated axons |
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Term
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Definition
| The branched portion of a neuron set for sending depolarizations towards the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| the thin, shiny, inner protective layer of the meninges that "shrink wraps" the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the main connection of white matter that is integral for communication between the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic cell in the brain that processes and transmits information in the form of electrical and chemical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| the long nerve fiber that sends depolarizations away from the cell body of the neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord that cushions the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the three protective layers of tissue between the brain and the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| the durable, leathery outer protective layer of the meninges |
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Term
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Definition
| the spider web-like middle protective layer of the meninges that is filled with cerebral spinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| The anterior portion of the cerebral cortex, involved in emotion, cognition, and executive control |
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Term
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Definition
| The sulcus dividing the frontal and parietal lobes, surrounded on each side by the motor and sensory cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| the gap that divides the temporal from the frontal and parietal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| the sulcus that divides the parietal and occipital lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| A horizontal slice of the brain cut from left to right, giving a view from the top or bottom of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| A vertical slice of the brain cut from superior to inferior, giving a view from the front or back of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the superior posterior portion of the cerebral cortex, superior to the occipital and temporal lobes, posterior to the frontal lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| the inferior portion of the cerebral cortex, anterior to the occiptial lobe and inferior to the others |
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Term
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Definition
| A vertical slice of the brain cut down from the center, anterior to posterior, giving a view from left to right |
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Term
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Definition
| A vertical slice of the brain cut down from the center, from anterior to posterior, giving a view from left to right. |
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Term
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Definition
| A vertical slice of the brain cut down from the center, anterior to posterior, giving a view from left to right |
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Term
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Definition
| towards the bottom of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| towards the bottom of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| towards the top of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| towards the bottom of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| towards the front of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the small, highly ridged portion of brain that sits inferior to the cerebral cortex and posterior to the brain-stem |
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Term
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Definition
| towards the front of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| towards the back of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| towards the top of the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| A ridge of the cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| A valley of cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer, surface covering of cerebral cortex, composed of gray matter (neuron cell bodies) |
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Term
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Definition
| The large, folded part of the brain that sit above the cerebellum and brain-stem, made up of gray and white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage to the brain as a result of external physical force |
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Term
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Definition
| Spike through frontal lobe, caused emotional changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A clot or arterial plaque obstructing blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A localized, blood-filled bulge of a blood vessel |
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Term
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Definition
| Histologically defined areas of the brain, grouped by similar cell types. Used to refer to the locations in the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| restriction in blood supply |
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Term
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Definition
| A stroke resulting from the blood bleeding into the brain, damaging tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stroke resulting from restriction of blood flow into the brain. |
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Term
| Transient Ischemic Attack |
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Definition
| Mini strokes, same symptoms of a stroke, but temporary |
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Term
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Definition
| The artery that supplies the lateral cerebral cortex and anterior temporal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| The arteries that supply oxygen to the most medial portions of the frontal lobes and superior medial parietal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| a rapid loss of brain tissue and function as a result of disruption of the blood supply to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Bleeding, the lost of blood from the circulatory system |
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Term
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Definition
| A circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two arteries that supply the head and neck with oxygenated blood, the artery you take a pulse from on the neck |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two blood vessels that run up the back of the neck and join at the base of the skull to form the basilar artery |
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Term
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Definition
| the artery that supplies the pons, cerebellum, posterior cerebrum, and inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
| CSF-filled cavaities in the brain, four total (left, right, third, and fourth) |
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Term
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Definition
| The tissue in the ventricles responsible for the creation of CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| A method to withdraw CSF in a safe, low part of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| The bubble-like portions of the arachnoid mater in the superior gap between the hemisphere that are responsible for the removal of CSF from around the brain to be recycled |
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Term
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Definition
| A developmental disorder in which too much CSF is created, causing head enlargement, developmental problems, changes in eye gaze, and if left untreated, death. It is primarily treated with a shunt to siphon CSF away from the brain into the abdomen. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common form of dementia, characterized by the loss of memory, cognitive abilities, and widespread neurodegeneration |
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Term
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Definition
| Viral or bacterial infection of the meninges. Symptoms includes: rash, stiff neck, headache, vomiting, mental status change |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually a viral infection of the brain tissue. Symptoms include personality changes, seizures, weakness |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic neurological disorder that is characterized recurring seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffuse development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication |
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Term
| Computed Tomography (CT) scan |
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Definition
| x-ray scan used to create structural images of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Swelling due to excess fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Progressive loss of structure of function of neurons, including death of neurons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Infectious protein molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| A systematic method of diagnosis a disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Psychological and Behavioral functioning determined through observation and questioning |
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Term
| Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Weighting with a contrast dye. Useful for evaluating brain tumor, ischemia, hemorrhage, and infection/inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffusion Weighting, meaning without contrast agent. Useful for evaluating brain tumor, ischemia, stroke, changes in myelination, chronic epilepsy, scarring, and edema. |
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Term
| Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) |
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Definition
| Scanning that detects changes in blood flow in the brain to see which areas are functionally active. Useful for detecting early stroke and cognitive disorders (i.e. dementia) |
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Term
| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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Definition
| Uses electrodes placed either above (in most cases) or below the scalp (rarely in humans), electrical activity in the brain is recorded. Useful for evaluating seizures, level of arousal, delirium, and brain death. |
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Term
| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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Definition
| Measures metabolism by using radioactively tagged metabolic molecules that have been injected into the bloodstream. Useful for disorders that have metabolic problems, such as dementia, stroke, and brain tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| the center of vision, where vision is most acute and color vision is best. Cone photoreceptors are most prevalent here. |
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Term
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Definition
| The back of the eyeball, considered a part of the brain, where light hits the photoreceptive cells and visual information begins being processed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the axons of the retinal ganglion cells leave the retina and head back towards the optic chiasm in the brain, taking with them visual information. This nerve is the reasons humans have a blindspot, because no photoreceptors cells exist where the optic nerve enters the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells in the retina that receive input from modulatory neurons (which get input from photoreceptor cells) and transmit the information down the optic nerve to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that line the back of the retina and have parts that change shape when they are hit with photon, allowing them to detect light in a certain part of the visual field. Humans have two main types, rods and cones, and there are three different subtypes of cones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photoreceptor cells that are located outside the fovea. They are responsible for low-light vision (highly sensitive to light) and useful for detecting movement, but at the cost of visual acuity. They do not differentiate between colors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Photoreceptor cells that are located primarily in the fovea. They are responsible for high acuity vision, but take more photons of light to activate (good for daytime vision). There are three types, each most responsive to different wavelengths of light (corresponding to red, green, and blue), which, when combined, allow for color vision. |
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Term
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Definition
| A visual processing stream that pools over fewer receptors. The cells involved (midget cells) have a sustained response and are involved in processing color, fine details, textures, and depth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A visual processing stream that pools over many receptors, whose cells (parasol cells) fire in bursts and are useful for detecting motion |
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Term
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Definition
| Where the optic nerves cross in the brain, allowing information from the left visual field (from both eyes) and the right visual field (from both eyes) to be separated and directed to the appropriate contralateral hemisphere. |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of the brain involved in sensory information from sensory organs to processing areas of the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) |
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Definition
| A part of the halamus where the visual processing streams pass through on their way to the optic radiations and primary visual cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve pathway along the visual processing stream from LGN to primary visual cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of impaired or lost vision in the visual field |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon where people who are perceptually blind demonstrate some response to visual stimuli (because only part of their visual system is impaired, other parts my still function) |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of multiple visual areas, it is one of two main visual processing streams after primary visual cortex. This pathway is involved in the perception for action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made up of multiple visual areas, it is one of two main visual processing streams after primary visual cortex. This pathway is involved in perception for recognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to recognize and identify objects or persons despite having knowledge of the characteristics of the objects or persons. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by the inability to name, copy, or recognize visually represented objects. Shape perception and figure-ground segregation is impaired, but basic visual functions (color discrimination, luminance discrimination, visual acuity) and object identification based on non-visual cues are preserved. |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder in which visual object recognition is impaired (e.g. naming of visually presented objects, categorization, matching by function), but more or less preserved is elementary visual perception (e.g. matching and copying of visually presented forms and objects, drawing objects from memory, and non-visual object recognition. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disorder in which visual object recognition is impaired. (e.g. naming of a visually presented objects, categorization, matching by function), but more or less preserved is elementary visual perception. (e.g. matching and copying of visually presented forms and objects, drawing objects from memory, and non-visual object recognition) |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder in which faces cannot be recognized, but other forms of object recognition are unimpaired. |
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Term
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Definition
| The delusional belief that an acquaintance has been replaced by an identical-looking impostor. It may be seen in schizophrenia, dementia, and brain trauma. |
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Term
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Definition
| The delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes appearance or is in disguise, generally viewed with paranoia (that the "shape-shifting" person is out to get them). |
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Term
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Definition
| The transparent dome-shaped anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye that covers the iris and pupil and is continuous with the sclera |
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Term
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Definition
| Situated behind the iris of the eye, it focuses light entering the eye into the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| The white part of the eye that, with the cornea, forms the protective outer covering of the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| The colored portion of the eye, a muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil, which in turns controls the amount of light that enters the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| An opacity in the lens that blocks light from reaching the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of an entire eye's vision due to tumor or trauma that results from the disconnection of the optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| Blindness in one half of the visual field in one or both eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| Blindness in the other halves of the visual fields in both eyes, due to damage to the optic chiasm (Tumors are often the culprit) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blindness in the middle halves of the visual field in both eyes, due to damage to uncrossed fibers(often due to calcification of the carotid arteries, associated with hydrocephalus) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blindness in the same hemisphere of the visual field in both eyes, due to damage to one hemisphere of cortex(often from stroke or trauma) |
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Term
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Definition
| A deficit with scene perception, with normal visual fields |
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Term
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Definition
| A deficit in scene perception where the patient can only perceive one stimulus at a time. |
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Term
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Definition
| A deficit in scene perception where the patient can see multiple objects bu cannot recognize them (can navigate and count, but cannot read) |
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Term
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Definition
| A person whose cone photoreceptors in the retina cannot absorb light and therefore relies only on rod vision (Sees in black and white with low visual acuity) |
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Term
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Definition
| An Impairment of color vision in the entire visual field that arises from cortical lesions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The inability to perceive motion that arises from a stroke, trauma to v5/MT, and from antidepressants |
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Term
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Definition
| The sensory relay station int he brain (located subcortically) for all sense except olfactory. |
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Cortex (S1) |
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Definition
| A strip of cortex just posterior to the central sulcus, where the primary control of sensation occurs |
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Term
| Primary Motor Cortex (M1) |
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Definition
| A strip of of cortex just anterior to the central sulcus, where the primary control of motor movements occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by having sensations (usually pain) in a limb that is no longer attached to the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The delusional belief that one is dead, does not exist, is putrefying or has lost his/her blood or internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| A sheet of cells lining part of the nasal passages that contains olfactory receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Located on the ventral surface of the brain, it is the first part of the central nervous system in olfaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lack of the ability to smell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Decreased ability to smell |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Hallucinated smell", often unpleasant |
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Term
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Definition
| Things smell differently than they should |
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Term
|
Definition
| An abnormally acute sense of smell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Loss of taste functions of the tongue, particularly the inability to detect sweetness, sourness, bitterness, saltiness, and umami. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Located just anterior to M1 and inferior to SMA, it controls postural/trunk and large limb muscles, the planning of actions based on sensory cues, and refinement of movements based on sensory input with cerebellum. |
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Term
| Primary Motor Cortex (M1) |
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Definition
| Located just anterior to the central sulcus, in the frontal lobe, controls the execution of movement |
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Term
| Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) |
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Definition
| Located just anterior to M1 and superior to PMA, it is involved in planning learned sequences of movements, activity just prior to movement, and has strong connections with subcortical structures. |
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Term
| Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) |
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Definition
| Located posterior to sensorimotor cortex, it integrates sensory and motor portions of the brain, processes position of the body and objects in space, and controls eye movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fibers that connect cortex through the spinal cord to motor neurons throughout the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Originate in motor region of the cerebral cortex and carry motor information down to a specific spinal cord level |
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Term
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Definition
| Bring the nerve impulses from the upper motor neurons out to the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| Weakness on one side of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder where the patient is unaware of and denies their disability, often associated with paralysis and right dorsal parietal damage |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome where patients are unaware of the world on one side of space, usually from damage to right posterior parietal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome where patients have finger agnosia, problems with left/right differentiation, and problems with calculation and writing |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder of motor planning involving the loss of the ability to carry out learned purposeful movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of cell bodies below cortex interconnected with the cortex, thalamus and brainstem that is involved in motor control, cognition, emotions and learning |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A disease characterized by slowly or loss of movement, muscle rigidity, and tremor at rest due to a loss of dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia |
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Term
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Definition
| A genetic neurological disorder due to a loss of cortical neurons (Especially in the inhibitory pathway of basal ganglia) causing a decline in mental abilities and uncoordinated, jerky body movements |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by involuntary flinging motions of the extremities that increase with activity, due to loss of the inhibitory pathway of the motor loop. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ossicles (Also called the auditory ossicles) are the three smallest bones in the human body. They are connected within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from air to the fluid-filled cochlea. The absence of auditory ossicles would constitute a moderate-to-severe hearing loss. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The malleus or hammer is a hammer shaped small bone or ossicles of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the ear drum. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The incus or anvil is the anvil-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear. it connects the malleus to the stapes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The stapes or stirrup is the stirrup-shaped small bone or ossicle in the middle ear which is attached to the incus and oval window. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The tympanic membrane is a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear whose function is to transmit sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The oval window is a membrane-covered opening which leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The coiled and channeled main structure of the inner ear, which contains three fluid-filled canals that run along its entire convoluted length; the fluid-filled canals are separated by membrane, on which thousands of hair cells (auditory receptors) are arranged and are stimulated by the vibration of the stapes. |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal growth of the middle ear which can result in hearing loss. Seen in .5% - 10% of the population, usually starts in middle age. Exact causes are unclear - genetic factors play a role, viruses like measles may be involved as well. Treated with hearing aids and/or surgery to remove the stapes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The basilar membrane which the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural elemental that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, forming a base for hair cells to transduce the sound waves in the cochlear fluid to electrical signals in the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the sensory receptors of the auditory system located on the basilar membrane in the cochlea that convert sound waves to nerve signals by having their hair-like stereocilia being physically moved by sound waves in the cochlear fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The organ of Croti is the organ in the inner ear of mammals that contains the hair cells (the auditory sensory cells). |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small body in the mid-pons section of the brainstem involved in the localization of sound by determining differences in the intensity and timing of neural responses from each ear for a particular sound |
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Term
|
Definition
| The lateral sulcus (Also called sylvian fissure or lateral fissure; fissure = large sulcus) is the sulcus that divides the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The most superior gyrus in the temporal lobe, situated just below the lateral sulcus, on which much of auditory cortex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The most superior sulcus in the temporal lobe, situated just below the superior temporal gyrus. |
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Term
| Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) |
|
Definition
| The main area of cortex which first processes auditory information in the brain, situated on the inferior surface of the lateral sulcus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mechanical hearing loss, resulting from blockage in the ear canal, a ruptured eardrum, or restriction of movement of tiny bones in the middle ear, which prevents sound vibrations being transferred to the cochlea. Seen in otosclerosis. |
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|
Term
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss |
|
Definition
| Hearing loss caused by damage to sensory cells and/or nerve fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve (auditory nerve / Cranial Nerve VIII), the inner ear, or central processing centers of the brain. Seen in many forms of congenital and acquired deafness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tones close to each other in terms of frequency are represented in topologically neighboring neurons in the brain |
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Term
|
Definition
| From Greek for "Lack of Speech" that is not a result of deficits in sensory, intellectual, or psychiatric functioning, nor muscle weakness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aphasia characterized by slow, effort-full speech output lacking function words, problems with grammar and articulation, in which patients rely on high-frequency content words. Patients have deficits in repetition, naming, and fluency, but can comprehend normally. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aphasia characterized by fluent, meaningless speech with many semantic errors and little understanding (often with anosognosia). Patients have deficits in repetition, naming, comprehension, and have paraphasic fluency. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which one loses the ability to speak correctly, substiuting one word for another, and changing words and sentences in an inappropriate way (e.g, "television for "telephone") |
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Term
|
Definition
| The neural white matter pathway connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's areas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aphasia due to damage to the arcuate fasciculus resulting in poor repetition and naming, but normal comprehension and fluency. |
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Term
| Transcortical Sensory Aphasia |
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Definition
| Apasia that is similar to Wernick's apasia, except that patients are able to repeat (but still do not comprehend) |
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Term
| Trascortical Motor Aphasia |
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Definition
| Aphasia associated with right hemiparesis that is similar to Broca's Aphasia, except patients are able to repeat and may have mild comprehension problems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Apasia, associated with right hemiparesis, characterized by severe communication difficulties in both speech and comprehension |
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Term
| Transcortical Mixed Aphasia |
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Definition
| Similar to global Aphasia, but patients are still able to repeat. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aphasia in which word-finding is severely impaired, usually from damage to parietal and/or temporal lobes, and patients resort to circumlocution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Agnosia for music. It involves loss of the ability to recognize musical notes, rhythms, and intervals and the inability to experience music as musical. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A developmental or acquired problem with speech production not associated with the muscle weakness. Its symptoms include difficulty putting sounds and syllables together in the correct order to form words. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A speech disorder characterized by flow of speech that is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fluency disorder characterized by problems with rate, word confusion, and disorganized thoughts. Patients often are most clear at the start of utterances, but rate increases and intelligibility decreases towards the end, and are often unaware of the disorder. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of cluttering; phonemic substitution, such as "Three cheers for our queer old dean!" (Dear old queen, referring to Queen Victoria) |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cluttering; wrong word substitution, such as "Create a little dysentery among the ranks." ('dysentery' instead of 'dissent') |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure to put one hemisphere of the brain to sleep for about a minute by injecting sodium amobarbital (a sedative) into one of the carotid arteries, used to determine whether specific functions are lateralized. |
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Term
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Definition
| A patient who has had the corpus callosum, the major white matter tract connecting the two hemispheres, severed, cutting off communication between the hemispheres. The procedure is used as a last resort in cases of severe epilepsy to contain the seizures. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cross-Modal perception occurs when perception involves interactions between two or more different sensory modalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively permanent traces of experiences that happened more than 18-30 seconds ago. It's the "hard-drive" of human memory. |
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Term
| Short Term (Working) Memory |
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Definition
| Limited, active, transient traces of experiences that happened in the very recent past (no longer than a few seconds ago). It's the "RAM" of human memory. |
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Term
| Declarative/Explicit Memory |
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Definition
| Memory that can be consciously declared (facts) |
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Term
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Definition
| Factual Knowledge independent of time and place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theoretical knowledge of a specific moment in time and place |
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Term
| Procedural/Implicit memory |
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Definition
| Memory for procedures, skills, and actions |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory Loss with inability to imagine the future, which can be caused by brain trauma, infection, surgery, or psychological factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory loss where new events are not stored in long term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| memory loss with the inability to recall some memory or memories of the past, beyond ordinary forgetfulness |
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Term
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Definition
| Temporary memory Loss, generally for less than 24 hours |
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Term
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Definition
| A "curly" structure in the medial temporal lobe, one on each side, which is very important in episodic memory and spatial navigation |
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Term
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Definition
| A 'coincidence detector' that changes neuron structure and is thought to underlie the formation of long term memories |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure located in the medial temporal love near the hippocampus that plays a key role in the emotions, such as fear and pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
| The curved portion of the brain that includes the thalamus and mamillary bodies and is part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of small round bodies, located on the undersurface of the brain, that form part of the limbic system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome characterized by abnormal eye moments, loss of coordination, tremors, confusion, confabulation apathy, and severe anterograde and some retrograde memory memory impairment. It usually caused by vitamin deficiency in alcoholism, or lesions to the thalamus and mamillary bodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| A short-term/working memory model with three main components. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the Baddeley and Hitch Model, this component stores the visuospatial information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the Baddeley and Hitch Model, this component stores the auditory information. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the Baddely and Hitch Model, this component performs operations on things stored in the sketchpad or loop. |
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Term
| Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) |
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Definition
| Transition Stage between the mild cognitive decline of normal aging and more serious problems of dementia; about 50% progress to dementia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Progressive decline in cognitive function due to damage or disease in the body beyond what might be expected from normal aging |
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Term
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Definition
| The acute, common symptomatic manifestation of early brain dysfunction, for any reason; rapid, fluctuating course |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common form of dementia, with initial problems in learning, memory, and planning that expand to include language, recognition, personality changes, and motor deficits |
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Term
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Definition
| In this context, the tendency for someone with dementia to wander with a lack of apparent purpose, often becoming confused or disoriented |
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Term
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Definition
| An alteration in behavior in sync with the circadian rhythm that co-occurs with wandering, which may be due to sensory deprivation from low light conditions in the evening and fatigue |
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Term
| Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) |
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Definition
| Dementia characterized by fluctuating cognition with great variation in attention and alertness from hour to hour, recurrent visual hallucinations, and the motor features of parkinsonism. Lewybodies are clumps of proteins in neurons. |
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Term
| Fronto-Temporal Lobar Dementia (FTLD) |
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Definition
| heterogeneous dementia disorders associated with atrophy in the frontal lobes and temporal lobes, with sparing of the parietal and occipital lobes. Symptoms include personality changes, problems with executive function and language problems with naming or fluency. (Subtypes: fronto-temporal, semantic, progressive non-fluent) |
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Term
| Posterior Cortical Atrophy (PCA) |
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Definition
| A dementia with initial prominent visual symptoms such as problems with visual field defects, contrast sensitivity, color discrimination, and feature recognition of complex objects, acalculia (loss of math skills), and little initial decline in memory |
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Term
| Vascular/Multi-Infarct Dementia |
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Definition
| A dementia with symptoms including problems with recent memory, wandering, shuffling walk, loss of bladder or bowl control, emotional liability, difficultly with instructions, and problems handling money. |
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Term
| Dementia Pugilistica (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy) |
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Definition
| A severe form of chronic traumatic brain injury, resulting in declining mental ability, problems with memory, parkinsonism, tremors, lack of coordinations, speech problems, unsteady gait, and inappropriate or explosive behavior. |
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Term
| Wernicke's Encephalopathy |
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Definition
| the abrupt onset of encephalopathy (brain disorder), ophthalmoplegia (eye paralysis), and ataxia (loss of coordination) induced by thiamine deficiency, usually from extreme dietary deficiency, often associated with chronic alcoholism |
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Term
| Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease (transmissible spongiform encephalopathy) |
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Definition
| The most common human prion disease, with symptoms including decline in cognition with memory loss, personality changes, hallucinations, and problems with speech, gait, or coordination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental Disorder characterized by a pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the inability to experience pleasure or interest in formerly pleasurable or satisfying activities. |
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Term
| Major Depressive Disorder (Unipolar Depression) |
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Definition
| Mental Disorder characterized by having 5 or more depressive symptoms that last without remission for at least two weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of major depressive disorder that is characterized by a loss of pleasure in most or all activities, psychomotor retardation, weight loss, guilt, and insomnia. |
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Term
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Definition
| A less severe, but long-lasting depression that lasts for at least two years. |
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Term
| Minor Depressive Disorder |
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Definition
| Mental Disorder characterized by having 2 or more depressive symptoms for at least two weeks. |
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Term
| Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood |
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Definition
| A mood disturbance appearing as a psychological response to an identifiable event or stressor or where resulting emotional or behavioral symptoms are significant but do not meet the criteria for a major depressive episode. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms. The patient is mute, immobile or exhibits purposeless or even bizarre movements. |
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Term
| Season Affective Disorder (SAD) |
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Definition
| A depressive disorder where depressive episodes come on in autumn or winter and resolve in spring. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of depression with mood reactivity and positivity, significant weight gain or increased appetite, hypersomnia, a sensation of heaviness in the limbs, and a significant social impairment from hypersensitivity to perceived interpersonal rejection. |
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Term
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Definition
| An intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women within three months after giving birth that can last as long as three months. |
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Term
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Definition
| A model of depression that states that depressed patients hold pessimistic views of themselves, the world, and the future with recurrent patterns of depressive thinking, resulting in disordered information processing(Led to cognitive behavioral Therapy) |
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Term
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
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Definition
| An empirically tested and widely used therapy for treating depression, in which patients typically meet in groups and are taught to alter their recurrent patterns of depressive thinking so that they can restore normal information processing. |
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Term
| Learned Hopelessness Theory |
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Definition
| A model of depression that states that the patient loses hope that life will get better, possibly based on early life experiences, and they believe that negative experiences are due to stable, global reasons. |
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Term
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors |
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Definition
| Antidepressant medication that results in a general increase in monoamines, but carries dietary risks |
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Term
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Definition
| Antidepressant medication used to treat depression named for its three-ring chemical structure. |
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Term
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) |
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Definition
| Antidepressant drug that acts by blocking the reuptake of serotonin so that more serotonin is available to act on receptors in the brain. |
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Term
| Noradrenergic Serotonergic Reuptake Inhibitors (NSRI) |
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Definition
| Antidepressant drug that acts similarly to SSRIs |
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Term
| Electro-convulsive Shock Therapy |
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Definition
| Electric Shock Therapy done by inducing an electrical current in the brain, but cannot reach very deep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Diffuse, vague feelings of fear and apprehension |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal anxiety response inappropriately provoked by homeostatic imbalance. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| Chronic anxiety, worry, and tension independent of external cause for at least 6 months. |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder most commonly characterized by obsessive, distressing, intrusive thoughts and related compulsions which attempt to neutralize the obsessions |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by recurring panic attacks (feelings of helpless terror) and fear of having them, often developing agoraphobia |
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Term
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape. As a result, suffers of agoraphobia may avoid public and/or unfamiliar places. |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| An anxiety disorder in which patients have nightmares, flashbacks, increased arousal (sleeplessness, hypervigilance), depression, irritability, and avoidance of stimuli associated with a traumatic event such as war, rape, or assault. |
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Term
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Definition
| An intense, irrational fear that interferes with normal behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| A railroad foreman who had a railroad rod shoot through his prefrontal cortex (and face) that survived and had drastic personality changes as a result. |
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Term
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Definition
| A procedure where ice picks are placed in the orbital sockets, up into the prefrontal cortex and wiggled around, destroying tissue, in order to treat a wide variety of mental illnesses |
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Term
| Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex |
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Definition
| The highest cortical area responsible for motor planning, organization, and regulation, which is involved in the integration of sensory and memory information and the regulation of intellectual function and action, and is also involved in working memory. |
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Term
| Frontal Convexity Syndrome |
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by apathy, indifference, occasional outbursts, stimulus-bound behavior, lacking of planning, psychomotor retardation, motor perseveration and programming deficits, poor word list generation, poor abstraction and categorization, and working memory deficits. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome characterized by the paucity of spontaneous movement and gesture, sparse verbal output, lower extremity weakness and loss of sensation, and incontinence. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cortex that is involved in sensory integration, affective value of reinforcers, decision making, expectation, taste, flavor, and regulates planning behavior associated with sensitivity to reward and punishment |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome characterized by disinhibited, impulsive behavior, inappropriate jocular affect, emotional lability, poor judgement and insight, sexual disinhibition, lack of concern for others, and distractibility. |
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Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by a failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, deceitfulness, impulsivity, failure to plan ahead, irritability, aggressiveness, reckless disregard for safety of self or others, consistent irresponsibility, lack of remorse, rationalization of crimes, superficial charm, and substance abuse. |
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Term
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Definition
| A syndrome characterized by patients exhibiting multiple motor tics and at least one vocal tic (the tics are stereotypic, temporarily suppressible, nonrhythmic, and often preceded by an unwanted premonitory urge, and they wax and wane) |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and thought, absence of normal cognition or affect, flat affect, poverty of speech, and lack of motivation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A perception in the absence of a stimulus. In a stricter sense, hallucinations are defined as perceptions in a conscious and awake state in the absence of external stimuli which have qualities of real perception, in that they are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space. (Think Sensory Disorder) |
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Term
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Definition
| A fixed, false belief, in psychiatry considered a result of an illness (think thought disorder) |
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Term
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Definition
| Jumping from idea to idea without the benefit of logical association |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface logic, but really seriously flawed |
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Term
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Definition
| No emotion at all in face or speech |
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Term
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Definition
| Laughing at very serious things, crying at funny things |
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Term
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Definition
| Unresponsiveness to environment, usually marked by immobility for extended periods |
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Term
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Definition
| Parrot-Like repetition of speech |
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Term
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter that affects mood, energy, sexual desire and motor coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| A possibility permanent disorder of involuntary, repetitive, purposeless movements as a side effect of long-term or high-dose use of dopamine antagonists, usually antipsychotics |
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder in the schizophrenic spectrum characterized by mood changes and psychosis |
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Term
| Schizophreniform Disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder in the schiziphrenic spectrum characterized by symptoms of schizophrenia for less than 6 months, less social dysfunction than schizophrenia, and a more likely recovery |
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Term
| Shizotypal Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder in the schizophrenic spectrum characterized by symptoms of paranoia, social anxiety, inappropriate and reduced affect, lack of close relationships, magical thinking, and vague metaphorical speech |
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Term
| Schizoid Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder in the schizophrenic spectrum characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness. |
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