Term
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Definition
Deficiency: night blindness, dry skin
Function: constituent of visual pigments
Excess: Arthralgias, fatigue, headaches, skin changes, sore throat, alopecia |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency: Beriberi and Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome. Seen in alcoholism and malnutrition
Function: In thiamine pyrophosphate, a cofactor for oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids and branched-chain AA dehydrogenase, cofactor for transketolase in the HMP shunt |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency: angular stomatitis, cheilosis, corneal vascularization
Function: cofactor in oxidation and reduction (FADH2, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency: made by body from tryptophan, synthesis requires B6. Pellagra can be caused by Hartnup disease (low tryptophan absorption), malignant carcinoid snydrome (high tryptophan metabolism), ING (low vitamin B6)
Function: Constituent of NAD+ and NADP+ (used in redox reactions) |
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Term
| Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) |
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Definition
Deficiency: Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficency
Function: constituent of CoA (cofactor of acyl transfers) and component of fatty acid synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency: convulsions, hyperirritability (deficiency inducible by INH and oral contraceptives), peripheral neuropathy
Function: Converted to pyridoxal phosphate, cofactor used in transamination, decarboxylation reactions, glycogen phosphorylase, heme synthesis. Required for niacin from tryptophan synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency: Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia, neurologic symptoms (optic neuropathy, paresthesia, subacute combined degeneration), glossitis. Often caused by malabsorption, absence of terminal ileum, lack of intrinsic factor
Function: Cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase (transfers CH3 groups as methylcobalamin) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Stored primarily in liver, very large reserve pool, synthesized only by microorganisms, found only in animal products |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency: Most common deficiency in the US. Macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia (often no neurological symptoms).
Function: Coenzyme for 1-carbon transfer; involved in methylation reactions. Important for nitrogenous bases synthesis in DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency: dermatitis, enteritis. Caused by antibiotic use, excessive ingestion of raw eggs.
Function: Cofactor for carboxylations: pyruvate ->oxaloacetate; acetyl CoA -> malonyl-CoA; Propionyl-CoA -> methylmalonyl-CoA |
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Term
| Vitamin C (ascorbic Acid) |
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Definition
Deficiency: Scurvy- swollen gums, bruising, anemia, poor wound healing.
Function: necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis, facilitates iron absorption by keeping iron in Fe3+ reduced state, cofactor for dopamine beta-hydroxylase which converts dopamine to NE |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency: Rickets in children (bending bones), osteomalacia in adults (soft bones), hypocalcemic tetany
Function: Increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate
Excess: Hypercalcemia, loss of appetite, stupor. Seen in sarcoidosis. |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency: Increased fragility of erythrocytes, neurdysfunction
Function: Antioxidant (protects erythrocytes from hemolysis) |
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Term
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Definition
Deficiency: Neonatal hemorrhage with increased PT and increased aPTT but normal bleeding time because neonates are unable to synthesize vitamin K due to sterile intestines
Function: catalyzes gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues on proteins involved with blood clotting. Synthesized by intestinal flora. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficiency: delayed wound healing, hypogonadism, less adult hair (facial, pubic, axillary), may predispose to alcoholic cirrhosis |
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