Term
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Definition
| Any chemical that can affect living processes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of drugs and their interactions with living systems and the action of biologic systems on chemicals. |
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Term
| What is clinical pharmacology? |
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Definition
| The study of drugs in humans. |
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Term
What are therapeutics?
(Or pharmacotherapeutics) |
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Definition
| Use of drugs to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease or a medical condition. |
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Term
| What are three major properties of an ideal drug? |
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Definition
- Effectiveness (required by law)
- Safety (freedom from harmful effects)
- Selectivity (ability to produce only the intended effect)
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Term
| What are secondary properties of an ideal drug? |
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Definition
- Reversible action
- Predictability
- Ease of administration
- Freedom from drug interactions
- Low cost
- Chemical stability
- possession of a simple generic name
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Term
| What is the therapeutic objective? |
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Definition
To provide maximum benefit with minimum harm.
THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS AN IDEAL DRUG!!! |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug formulations of identical composition with respect to the active ingredient. |
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Term
| What is pharmacokinetics? |
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Definition
The study of drug movement throughout the body.
(how the body affects drugs) |
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Term
| What are the four basic processes of pharmacokinetics? |
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Definition
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Metabolism
- Excretion
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream. |
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Term
| What is drug distribution? |
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Definition
| The movement of a drug from the bloodstream to different sites of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The measure of the extent of drug absorption into the circulation, expressed as a percent of the total dose administered. |
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Term
| What are the principal barriers that drugs encounter in moving throughout the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three ways to cross a cell membrane? |
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Definition
- Channels or pores
- Via transport system
- Through the lipid bilayer
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Term
| What are some factors that affect drug absorption? |
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Definition
- Rate of dissolution
- Surface area
- Blood flow
- Lipid solubility
- pH-partitioning
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Term
| What determines how soon effect of a drug will begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines how intense the effects of a drug will be? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecules move drugs out of cells? |
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Definition
| P-glycopritein molecules. |
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Term
| What are properties of drugs that influence membrane crossing and tissue accumulation? |
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Definition
- Polarity
- Ions (ions are lipophobic)
- pH (affects the ionization of weak acids and weak bases)
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Term
| Drugs that are weak _____ are much more efficiently absorbed from the stomach than are weak _____. |
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Definition
| Drugs that are weak acids are much more efficiently absorbed from the stomach than are weak bases. |
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Term
| ____ bases are less ionized and are absorbed better at alkaline pH. |
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Definition
| Weak bases are less ionized and are absorbed better at alkaline pH. |
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Term
| What are quaternary ammonium compounds? |
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Definition
| Molecules that contain at least one atom of nitrogen and carry a positive charge at all times. |
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Term
| What does it mean to be an enteral route of administration? |
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Definition
| It is oral and passes through the GI tract. |
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Term
| What does it mean to be a parenteral route of administration? |
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Definition
| Technically, it means all other routes besides enteral, but generally refers to injections. |
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Term
| What does it mean to be a topical route of administration? |
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Definition
| Drug is administered by the skin, rectal route, lungs, eyes, and mucous membranes. |
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Term
| What is the first-pass eect? |
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Definition
| A phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. |
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Term
| Drug distribution is determined by these three factors: |
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Definition
- Blood flow to tissues
- Exiting the vascular system
- Entering cells
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