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| The ability to get what you want and to prevent other from getting power. |
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-The process by which society determines who gets what, when they get it, and how they get it.
- The art/science of government; process by which policy decisions are made. |
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-Experts or elites dominate policy development
- Public opinion is less influential |
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-Issue networks/sub-governments
-Composed of a congressional subcommittee, executive branch agency, and an outside interest group.
-aka policy monopoly |
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-Public policy dominated by "interest groups" who are continuously struggling and counterbalancing each other.
-Power is widely shared among different interests/groups |
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Condition- fact/situation about which nothing can be done.
Problem- situations about which something can be done.
Conditions become problems when
-knowledge increases
-technology changes
-cultural and political norms change
Conditions are situations that can become problems if the public perceive there is something they can do about it. Then the gov is in a predicament. What do we do about it? |
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- Usually involves collecting and interpreting information that clarifies the causes and effects of public problems and the likely consequences of using one policy option or another to address the problem
-Provide info for gov officials to make decision.
Analysis FOR vs OF policy.
For- towards crafting a policy
of- towards evaluating if a policy worked. |
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A plan or course of action taken by the government to address a problem or to pursue goals.
-Doing nothing is also a policy statement as well |
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| The make and administer public policy; to exercise authority in order to realize agreed upon goals. |
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| When does a problem become public? How do we define problems? |
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The nature of the problem deems whether or not a policy is created, and whether or not it becomes public.
1. Scope- who/how many affected
2. Intensity
3. Duration- How long has this been going on, and will it continue?
4. Geographic
5. Significant Proponents? |
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| What type of representative do you want? |
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Definition
1. Delegate- someone who votes how their constituents vote.
2. Trustee- Trust the person to use their own inclinations to vote.
3. Politico- a combo of the two.
Politico is best |
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In political theory, the ideological system that emphasizes individual liberty and the ownership and acquisition of private property as a means to improve overall wealth and happiness and discourage social strife.
- The American political system is based on this theory. |
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The campaign ->
The transition, which is the period of time when the new official is elected and they actually take office. Appointments to boards and directors, identify problems and issues->
Year one: get the budget right and don't fuck up ->
Year two: Priorities are made clear
Year Three: Deliver results on priorities
Year Four: Coast to re-election |
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| The Stages Model of the Policy Process vs. Systems Model |
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Issue Emergence -> Agenda Setting -> Alternative Selection, which are proposals to fix the problem -> Enactment -> Implementation -> Evaluation
vs.
Inputs (polls, election results, media coverage, etc) ->The Black Box aka Political System which is effected by the structural, social, political, and economic environments -> Outputs (statute law, regulations, case law) |
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| A system of government in which power is shared between a central or federal government and other governments such as states or provinces. |
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| The process by which federally designed and administered programs are turned over, in whole or in part, to the states to manage as they see fit, based on their needs and conditions. |
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| Government funding provided to state and local governments with very broad rules on how the funds are to be used. |
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| A technique in which one or a few speakers can take the floor and dominate discussion and debate, effectively shutting down the senate unless enough senators vote for cloture, which ends the debate (requires 60 votes). This method is used to kill legislation when the side opposing the legislation lacks a legislative majority. |
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The tasks undertaken by a legislator to help consttuents with problems with government.
Ex: writing letters of recommendation to military academies |
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| A term that describes the relationship between the various actors and interests in a particular policy issue. |
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| Power of the president to reject legislation passed by congress which in turn may attempt to override the veto. This requires 2/3 vote in the house and the senate. |
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| This occurs when Congress adjourns before the president is given the constitutionally mandated 10 days to sign or veto a bill. normally a bill that is unsigned automatically becomes law, but in congress adjourns, and the president chooses not to sign the law, it is effectively vetoed. |
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| The power of the courts to review the acts of the legislature and the executive branch and to strike them down if the courts find them to be unconstitutional. |
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| What are the three types of interest groups? |
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| Institutional, economic/private, and public interest groups. |
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| Describes how groups choose which branch or agency of government to lobby or persuade. |
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| An interest group that appears to have been formed by concerned citizens "grass roots" but is actually sponsored by a larger interest such as a corporation or a labor union. |
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| Ex: Environmental policy, Health care policy, etc |
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| The group of actors- such as interest groups, gov agencies, the media, and elected officials- that is actively involved in policy making in a particular domain. More open than iron triangle. |
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| The legislative practice of trading commitments to vote for members preferred policies. Ex: Senator from texas agrees to vote for grants in IL for the same in return. |
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A sudden event that can generate attention to public problems or issues.
Ex: 9/11 |
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| Term used to describe the actors at the low end of the implementation chain, such as teachers, police, and social worker, who implement policies at the point of contact with the policy's target population. |
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Substantive- A policy that explains how the gov will go about its policy goals in a particular area.
Procedural- Determines how government procedures are to be government. Ex: Admin procedures Act
Symbolic- Naming of post offices, gov holidays, etc.
Liberal vs Conservative policies. |
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| What role does Congress play in impeachment of the president? |
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Definition
| The House calls for an Impeachment trial, and then the Senate hears the case and passes the final judgement. |
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| What is the line of succession from the president? |
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| President-> Vice President-> Speaker of the House |
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| What is the main purpose of the State of the Union Address? |
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| Presidential recommendations to congress about what should be on the agenda. |
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| What are some of the powers given to the President under Article II of the Constitution? |
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Definition
-Commander in Chief
-Head of Foreign Policy
-Veto powers
-State of the Union Address, National Agenda Setter
-Nominate Judges
-Pardons
-Administrative, ensures laws are executed and carried out. |
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| What are some of the "Extra"- Constitutional Powers given to the President? |
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Definition
-The President primarily crafts the budget, and congress must then approve it.
-The President's economic counselors are key players and are regarded as the leading economist
-Leaders of his/her political party
-Communicator to the people
-"Consoler in Chief" Ex: Visits/Makes statements about mass shootings. |
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| How many departments are there in the executive branch? |
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Definition
| 15 with secretaries appointed by the President, and approved by Congress. Ex: Secretary of State |
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| What was the impact of the Pendeton Act of 1883? |
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| Made it to where the newly elected presidents couldn't just come in and fire everyone in the administration and replace them with their friends. This act set up pay grades (GS), the US Civil Service, and SES. However, this act did make it very difficult to fire civil service workers. This Act protects people in the bureaucracy, but not political appointees. |
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| Explain the four approaches government takes to deliver public policy: |
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Definition
1. Bureaucracy- Government establishes an agency to perform a task of all government workers.
2. "Reinvented" Government- Where bureaucracies are making changes to become more efficient by modeling after affective businesses. Ex: Cross training, contracting, one stop shops, etc.
3. Government by Network- Use contractors
4. Government by Market- Where the government creates a market that would not be generate on its own. Ex: Gov created a market for used glasses bottle by charging a bit extra so that it incentivizes you to return the bottle and get 5cents. |
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| What motivates citizens to get involved? |
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Definition
Threats to Lifestyle: “Post-Industrial/Ideological” Issues
Threats to Livelihood: “Bread & Butter” issues
or a general belief that a problem exists which the government can address. |
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| Budget bills must start in the ___? |
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| The Chief of Staff is the Head honcho for ____? |
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Definition
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| Administrative Assistant is the head honcho for _____? |
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| Who gets more staffers, the House Reps or the Senators? |
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| Senators, house max is 16 |
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| Which article creates the Supreme Court? |
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Definition
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| What is the difference between a dissenting ruling a concurring ruling? |
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§ Dissenting: arguing why the supreme court is wrong
§ Concurring: opinions that agree with the major, but don’t agree with the majorities reasons, because you have your own |
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| Allows the government to extend authorization to use money even though they have gone over the budget deadline. Usually good for 30 days. |
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| What is the difference between an authorization and an appropriation? |
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Definition
Authorization- how much money you can spend on your program
Appropriation- how much money the appropriations committee actually appropriates for it.
Ex: 10mil authorized, vs 2mil appropriated |
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| What is the Rules Committee? |
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Definition
| Only in the House. Once a bill comes out of committee it goes through the rules committee which says how much will be debated, which amendments considered, etc. |
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| Discretionary Spending v. Mandatory Spending |
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Definition
Discretionary- Choice whether or not you want to spend it or not. Very small in comparison to mandatory spending. Ex: Funding for Planned Parenthood, FDA, Etc. There are no laws saying money must be spent on these programs.
Mandatory- Ex: Social security, medicaid, etc. Laws that says must pay. |
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| Ex: 1 million appropriated for historical development, but $50,000 of that money is earmarked for a specific monument. Often used to get special things for your state. Now banned, power has been given to the executive branch now instead of congress. |
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| Arbitrary limit set by congress to limit spending, but they just simply raise it all the time. |
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| Reserved Powers v. Delegated Powers |
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Definition
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| The 10th amendment states___? |
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Definition
| that any powers not delegated by the federal government are reserved for the states. |
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| States that national laws always win over state laws. |
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| Who is the chief policy/budget maker in the State? |
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| In order to vote in a democratic primary you have to ___? |
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| If there is no majority in the electoral collage, how is the president decided? |
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| The vote goes to the House for selection. |
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Definition
-Get people elected
-Create a platform of position statements
-Party Build |
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| Why aren't there more third party candidates? |
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| Because we have a winner takes all system, the majority wins. It's difficult to get the majority. Therefore, people don't want to throw away their vote. Other governments work on percentages. So if the party wins 15% of the vote, then they will have 15% representation in government. This is called a proportional voting system. Leads to coalition type governments. |
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| What are the primary activities of congress? |
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Definition
Create Legislation
Constituent Services
Projects (Ex:grants)
Oversight of the Executive
Visibility (Ex:Drone oversight)
Politics |
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| What are the special powers of Congress? |
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Definition
| Impeachment, treaties, and appointments (judges, secretaries, etc). |
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| Used to clean up details. A reconciliation bill is a bill containing changes in law recommended pursuant to reconciliation instructions in a budget resolution. If the instructions pertain to only one committee in a chamber, that committee reports the reconciliation bill. If the instructions pertain to more than one committee, the House Budget Committee reports an omnibus reconciliation bill, but it may not make substantive changes in the recommendations of the other committees.[3] |
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| The fast track negotiating authority for trade agreements is the authority of the President of the United States to negotiate international agreements that Congress can approve or disapprove but cannot amend or filibuster. |
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| Supplemental Appropriation |
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Definition
| An act appropriating funds in addition to those already enacted in an annual appropriation act. Supplemental appropriations provide additional budget authority usually in cases where the need for funds is too urgent to be postponed until enactment of the regular appropriation bill. |
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