Term
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Definition
| Diabetes insipidus, diuretics, excess fluid intake |
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Term
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Definition
| Acute intermittent porphyria, advanced malignant melanoma |
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Term
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Definition
| UTI (pyuria), amorphous phosphate salts (norm in alkaline urine or urine left standing at room temp - adding a small amount of acid to sample confirms), blood, mucus, bilirubin |
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Term
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Definition
| Heme +: Blood, Hbg, sepsis, dialysis, myoglobin | Heme -: food coloring, beets, sulfa drugs, nitrofurantoin, salicylates |
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Term
| DD for orange/yellow urine |
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Definition
| Dehydration, phenazopyridine (pyridium), rifampin, bile pigments |
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Term
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Definition
| Urinary bile pigments, indigo carmine, methylene blue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (limited utility on dipstick - only conjugated bili appears in urine), Obstructive jaundice (intrahepatic and extrahepatic), hepatitis, false-positive with stool contamination |
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Term
| + blood but no RBCs seen on UA: |
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Definition
| free Hgb may be present (transfusion reaction, from lysis of RBCs if pH is <5 or >8) or myoglobin is present (crush injury, burn, or tissue ischemia). + |
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Term
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Definition
| Stones, trauma, tumors (benign and malignant, anywhere in urinary tract), BPH, urethral stricture, coagulopathy, infection, menses (contamination), polycystic kidneys, interstitial nephritis, hemolytic anemia, tranfusion reaction, instrumentation (eg, Foley cath). |
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Term
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Definition
| DM, pancreatitis, pancreatic carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, Cushing dz, shock, burns, pain, steroids, hyperthyroidism, renal tubular dz, iatrogenic causes; false +: uncapped dipstick bottle after days, spec contam with liq bleach. Note: most kits don't ract with lactose, fructose, or galactose (screen infant urine with other assay, like Clinitest) |
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Term
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Definition
| starvation, high-fat diet, DKA, vomiting, diarrhea, hyperthyroidism, PRG, febrile (esp in children), ASA OD; false +: some Parkinson meds, cystinuria, stim laxative (Ex-Lax). Note: primarily used to detect acetone and acetoacetic acid and not beta-hydroxybutyric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| UTI (false +: vaginal/fecal contam; peds urine bag collection). Used to detect 5 WBCs/hpf or lysed WBCs. Combined with nitrite test, leuk est. has a + predictive value of 74% for UTI if both tests + and a - predictive value of >97% if both are neg. May not be reliable in children with UTI. |
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Term
| Acidic pH of urine (norm pH in neos: 5-7; children/adults: 4.6-8): |
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Definition
| high-protein diet, ammonium chloride, mandelic acid and other meds, acidosis (due to ketoacidosis [starvation, diabetic], COPD). |
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Term
| Basic pH of urine (norm pH in neos: 5-7; children/adults: 4.6-8): |
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Definition
| UTI, RTA (renal tubule acidosis), diet (high-veg diet, milk, immediately after meals), sodium bicarb therapy, vomiting, metabolic alkalosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, glomerular sclerosis (diabetes), nephrotic syndrome, myeloma, postural causes, preeclampsia, inflammation and malignant dz of lower urinary tract, functional causes (fever, stress, heavy exercise), malignant HTN, CHF. Proteinuria on dipstick should be quantified w/ 24-h urine studies. norm protein excretion is <150mg/24h or 10mg/100mL in a spot specimen) |
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Term
| + reducing substances on UA: |
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Definition
| Glucose, fructose, galactose, false positives (eg, vitamin C, salicylates, antibiotics) |
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Term
| Increased Specific gravity on UA: |
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Definition
| Volume depletion, CHF, adrenal insufficiency, DM, SIADH, increased proteins (nephrosis), newborn states; if markedly increased (1.040-1.050), artifact or recent administration of radiographic contrast media. Corresponds with osmolarity except with osmotic diuresis (high glucose). Random value 1.003-1.030. Value >1.022 after 12 h food/fluids fast suggests norm renal conc ability. |
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Term
| SG on UA fixed at 1.010 regardless of intake |
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Definition
| renal tubular dysfunction |
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Term
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Definition
| Diabetes insipidus, pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, water load with norm renal function (not effective manageement in kidney stone patients, hydrate to keep SG very low). |
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Term
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Definition
| hemolysis, cirrhosis, CHF with hepatic congestion, hepatitis, hyperthyroidism, suppression of intestinal flora with antibiotics. |
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