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| election in which the people choose candidates for office. |
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| Established judicial review - Power of the Supreme Court |
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money granted by the federal government to the states for a broad purpose |
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| money granted by the federal government to the states for a narrow purpose. |
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| those who favor greater national authority rather than state authority. |
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| system in which each branch of government can limit the power of the other two branches. |
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| gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states, with foreign nations, and among indian tribes. Granted through Article I Section VIII of the constitution. |
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| those held by both congress and the states |
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| system in which sovereign states are only loosely tied to a central government. |
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| those who favor greater state authority rather than national authority |
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| system in which the people rule themselves. |
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| states that Congress can exercise those powers that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out the enumerated powers. |
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| those that are specifically granted to Congress in Aticle 1 section 8 of the Constitution. Also known as expressed powers. |
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| those who follow politics and public affairs carefully. |
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| secret ballot printed at the expense of the state. |
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| money that Congress has allocated to be spent. |
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| "friend of the court" brief filed by an interest group to influence a Supreme Court decision. |
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| theory that upper class elites exercise great influence over public policy. |
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| congressional committee that deals with federal spending. |
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| allows members of Xongress to send mail postage free. |
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| Senate maneuver that allows a Senatior to stop or delay consideration of a bill or presidential appointment. |
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| redrawing district lines to favor one party at the expense of the other. |
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constitutional sharing of power between a central government and state governments. Dual federalism, cooperative federalism, New federalism. |
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| campaign contributions donated directly to candidates. |
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| set of beliefs about political values and the role of government. |
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| an office holder who is seeking reelection. |
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| one is not registered with a political party. |
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| ads that focus on issues and do not explicitly encourage citizens to vote for a certain candidate. |
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| the influence of a popular presidential candidate on the election of congressional candidates of the same party. |
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| election to choose dandidates that is open to independents, and in which voters may choose candidates from any one party. |
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| a sense of affiliation that a person has with a particular political party. |
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| a list of positions and programs that the party adopts at the national convention. |
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| the widely shared belief, value, and norms that citizens share about their government. |
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| more votes than anyone else, but less than half. |
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| capacity to understand and influence political events. |
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| process in which one acquires his/her political beliefs. |
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| wasteful congressional spending. |
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| minimum number of members needed for the House or the Senate to meet. |
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| reallocation of House seats to the states on the basis of changes in state populations, as determined by the census. |
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| redrawing of congressional district boundaries by the arty in power of the state legislature. |
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| complex rules and procedures required by bureaucratic agencies. |
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| the supreme Court's sending of a case back to the original court in which it was heard. |
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| amendment to a bill that has little to do with that bill. |
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| the Supreme Court will hear a case if four Justices agree to do so. |
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| the "traffic cop" of the House that sets the legislative calendar and issues rules for debate on a bill. |
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| tradition in which the President consults with the senators within a state in which an appointment is to be made. |
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| tradition in which the senator from the majority party with the most years of service on a committee becomes the chariman of that committee. |
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| Patronage; power to appoint loyal party members to federal positions. |
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| the permanent congressional committee that handle legislation. |
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| latin for "let the decision stand." Supreme Court policy of following precedent in deciding cases. |
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| laws that automatically expire after a given time. |
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| House committee that handles tax bills. |
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| an employee who exposes unethical or illegal conduct within the federal government or one of its contractors. |
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| issued by the Supreme Court to a lower court to send up the records of a case so that it can be reviewed by the high court. |
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| court order that the authorities show cause for why they are holding a prisoner in custody. Deters unlawful imprisonment. |
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| contention that parties are less meaningful to voters, who have abandoned the parties in greater numbers to become independent. |
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| government in which one party controls the presidency while another party controls the Congress. |
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| theory that upper class elites exercise great influence over public policy. |
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| terms used my Madison to denote what we now call interest groups. |
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| FFC rule (no longer in effect) that requires broadcasters to air a variety of viewpoints on their programs. |
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Just as sharks engage in a feeing frenzy when they sense blood in the water, the media "attack"
when they sense wrongdoing or scandal in government, and devote great amounts of coverage to such stories. |
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| the problem faced by interest groups when citizens can reap benefits of interest group action without actually joining, participating in, or contributing money to such groups. |
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| the tendency of the media to report on an election campaign as if it were a horse race, i.e., who is behind, who is gaining ground. |
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| an informal association of federal agency, congressional committee, and interest group that is said to have heacy influence over policy making. |
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| support from both parties for policy. |
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| results when federal expenditures exceed federal revenues for a policy. |
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| the federal government's practice of spending more money than it takes in as revenue. |
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| elimination of federal regulations on private companies. |
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federal benefit payments to which recipients have a lega right. a.k.a. uncontrollables. |
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| taxing and spending policies. |
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| requiring that those who receive federal benefits show a need for them. |
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| Federal Reserve Board's regulation of the supply of money in circulation. |
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total debt owed by the federal government due to past borrowing. a.k.a. public debt. |
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| federal financial aid to individuals, e.g. welfare, food stamps, agricultural subsidies. |
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| occurs when a presidential nominee chooses a vice presidential running mate who has different qualities in order to attract more votes for the ticket. |
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| election to choose candidates that is open to independents and that allows voters to choose candidates from all the parties. |
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| party election to choose candidates that is closed to independents. Voters may not cross party lines. |
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| system in which the national government and state governments are coequal, with each being dominant within its respective sphere. |
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| system in which both federal government and state government cooperate in solving problems. |
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| system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states. |
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| group of 85 essays written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay for the purpose of persuading the people of New York to adopt the Constitution. |
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| a change in the actual wording of the Constitution Proposed by Congress or national convention, and ratified by the states. |
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| those that are "necessary and proper" to carry out Congress' enumerated powers, and are granted to Congress through elastic clause. |
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system in which the people are rule by their representaives. a.k.a. Representative democracy or Republic. |
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| foreign policy powers held by the national government by virtue of its being a national government. |
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| a change in the meaning, but not the wording, of the Constitution. |
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| power of the courts to rule on the constitutionality of laws and government actions. |
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| requirements imposed by the national government upon the states. |
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| established principle of national supremacy and validity of implied powers. |
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| powers of the states to protect the public health, safety, morals, and welfare of the public. |
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| principle in which ultimate political authority rests with the people. |
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| powers held by the states through the 10th amendment. Any power not granted to the US government is "reserved" for the states. |
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| principle in which the powers of government are separate among three branches: legislative, executive, judicial. |
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| 1786 revolt by Massachusetts farmers seeking relief from debt and forclosure that was a factor in the ceiling of the Constitutional Convention. |
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| a majority greater than a simple majority of one over half, e.g., 3/5, 2/3 |
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| the influence of a popular presidential candidate on the election of congressional candidates of the same party. |
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| characteristics of populations, e.g., race, sex, income. |
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| election of an official directly by the people rather than by an intermediary group such as the Electoral College. |
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| attempt to influence policy makers. |
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| election in which the people choose candidates for office. |
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| terms of office that have a definite length of time. |
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| scheduling presidential primary elections early in an election year. |
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| difference in voting patterns for men and women, particularly in the greater tendency of the latter to vote for Democratic presidential candidates. |
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| election in which the officeholders are chose. Contrast with a primary election, in which only the candidates are chosen. |
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| elections in which candidates are not identified by party membership on the ballot. |
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| the act or process of carrying out a lawsuit. |
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| ballot in which candidates are arranged by office rather than party. Encourages split ticket voting. |
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| ballot in which candidates are arranged by party rather than office. Encourages straight ticket voting. |
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| a staged campaign event that attracts favorable visual media coverage. |
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| theory that policy making is the result of interest group competition. |
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| Political Action Committee (PAC) |
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| an interest group that raises funds and donates to election campaigns. |
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| appointing loyal party members to government positions. |
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| the cycle in which a person alternately works for the public sector and private sector, thus blurring the individual's sense of loyalty. |
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| the practice of selectively choosing media sources which are in harmony with one's own beliefs. |
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| the practice of perceiving media messages the way one wants to. |
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| a short, pithy comment that is likely to attract media attention. |
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| placing a certain slant on a story to deflect negative public attention against a candidate or office holder. |
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| an abandoned rule of the Democratic Party national convention in which the candidate with the most delegates from a state won all of the state's convention votes. |
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| protections against discrimination. |
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| Clear and present danger doctrine |
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| judicial interpretation of amendment 1 that government may not ban speech unless such speech poses an imminent threat to society. |
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| segregation "by fact," i.e., segregation that results from such factors as housing patterns rather than law. |
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| segregation by law, i.e., segregation that is required by government. |
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| being prosecuted twice for the same offense. Banned by Amendment 5. |
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| prohibits the national government (5th Amendment) and states (4th Amendment) from denying life, liberty, or property without due process of law. |
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| 14th Amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the la, and has been used to combat discrimination. |
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| the right of government to take private property for the public good. Fair compensation must be paid to the owner of such property. |
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| provision of Amendment 1 that prohibits Congress from establishing an official state religion. This is the basis for separation of church and state. |
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| Supreme Court guidelines that exclude the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial. |
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| provision of Amendment 1 stating that Congress may not prohibit the free exercise of religion. |
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| Southern laws that excluded blacks from exercising suffrage by restricting the right to vote only to those whose grandfathers had voted before 1885. |
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| determines whether or not to bring criminal charges against a suspect. |
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applying the Bill of Rights to the states.
A "total incorporation" view is that the states must obey all provisions of the Bill of Rights because of the due precess clause of the 14th Amendment.
A "selective incorporation" view is that the Bill of Rights is to be applied to the states in a more gradual manner on a case by case basis, also via the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. |
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| when two members of Congress agree to vote for each other's bill. |
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| written to express the majority viewpoints in a Supreme Court case. |
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| committee action to amend a proposed bill. |
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| system of hiring federal workers based upon competitive exams. |
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| House Rules Committee rule that allows amendments to a bill. |
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| authority of a court to first hear a case. |
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| presidential killing of a bill by inaction after Congress adjourns. |
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| those who have received presidential appointments to office. Contrast with Civil Service employees, who receive federal jobs by competitive exams. |
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