Shared Flashcard Set

Details

U-Iowa Drugs Exam 3
U-Iowa Drugs Exam 3
184
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 2
04/05/2017

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What diseases is obesity associated with?
Definition
hypertension, high cholesterol, and type II diabetes
Term
What is obesity caused by?
Definition
an imbalance between energy intake and output
Term
What do current therapeutics of obesity target?
Definition
energy intake
Term
What do modulators of energy intake target?
Definition
the neurons that signal satiety or decreases the absorption of calories in the small intestine
Term
What do drugs increasing metabolism do and why are they now banned?
Definition
increasing metabolism is a treatment of obesity and they are banned because they can lead to hyperthermia
Term
What is the most effective treatment for obesity?
Definition
bariatric surgery
Term
Adipose
Definition
fat tissue
Term
Bariatric surgery
Definition
- gastric bypass
- makes stomach smaller which decreases hunger
- two types (restrictive and roux-en-Y)
Term
Basal metabolic rate
Definition
amount of energy expended at rest
Term
BMI
Definition
- body mass index
- weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
- 18 or less = under weight
- 19-24 = healthy
- 25-29 = overweight
- 30-35 = obese
Term
Comorbidities
Definition
simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a single person
Term
Hypertension
Definition
abnormally high blood pressure
Term
Hyperthermia
Definition
abnormally high body temperature
Term
Leptin
Definition
signals energy reserve status and
increases sympathetic nerve activity
Term
Obesity
Definition
- BMI of 30 or higher
- being grossly fat or overweight
Term
Satiety
Definition
feeling full after eating
Term
2,4-dinitrophenol
Definition
- increases metabolism
- rapid and effective weight loss
- can cause hyperthermia
Term
Bupropion/naltrexone
Definition
- extended release antidepressant
- opioid receptor antagonist
- may activate neurons that signal satiety
Term
Liraglutide
Definition
- injectable modulator of insulin secretion
- used for type II diabetes
Term
Locaserin
Definition
- serotonin receptor agonist
- activates neurons that signal satiety
Term
Orlistate
Definition
- decreases absorption of dietary fats
- prescription or OTC
- modest weight loss effect (supposed to use it with diet & exercise)
Term
Phentermine/topiramate
Definition
- extended release amphetamine
- anti-convulsant
Term
What is the number one cause of death in the US?
Definition
cardiovascular disease
Term
How can cardiovascular be prevented or treated?
Definition
with an improved diet and physical activity
Term
What is blood pressure regulated by?
Definition
pumping of the heart, blood vessel constriction, and blood volume
Term
How is high blood pressure treated?
Definition
- vasodilators
- renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
- diuretics
Term
When does heart failure occur?
Definition
when the heart is not pumping blood as well as it should be, which means the organs do not get enough blood
Term
What can high cholesterol lead to?
Definition
development of atherosclerosis (blockage of blood vessels)
Term
What are the sources of cholesterol?
Definition
- red meat or egg yolks
- body's liver produces it too
Term
What are the current methods to reduce high cholesterol?
Definition
- blocking absorption from the digestive track and inhibiting its production in the liver
Term
What is coronary heart disease a major cause of?
Definition
heart attacks
Term
What kinds of drugs are useful in reducing plaque build up in coronary arteries?
Definition
- vasodilators
- antiplatelet drugs
Term
What does reduction of plaque build up also decrease?
Definition
decreasing the risk of a heart attack
Term
What is a leading cause of long-term disability?
Definition
stroke
Term
What are strokes caused by?
Definition
sudden loss of blood supply to the brain
Term
What drugs are useful in preventing stroke and what else are they useful for?
Definition
- anticoagulants
- also reduce cholesterol and blood pressure
Term
Anticoagulant
Definition
- drugs that thin blood
- used to treat coronary artery disease and/or manage stroke
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
an artery disease where fatty plaque builds up on the inner walls
Term
Cholesterol Synthesis
Definition
- cholesterol is synthesized in the liver
Term
Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Definition
- a treatment of coronary artery disease
- artery or vein from another part of the body is attached
- blood is then able to bypass any blockage and reach the heart muscle
Term
Coronary Artery Disease
Definition
- heart muscles do not have enough oxygen
- can be treated with drugs, stent implantation, or bypass surgery
- nitroglycerin is the main drug, also anti-coagulants, Beta-Blockers, and/or ACE inhibitors
Term
Heart Failure
Definition
- the heart isn't pumping as well as it should be
- organs are not getting enough blood
- caused by hypertension, coronary artery disease, and/or congestive heart disease
Term
4 Stages of Heart Failure
Definition
Stage A
- at a high risk for developing heart failure
Stage B
- heart has structural changes, but no symptoms present
Stage C
- symptoms appear and require medical treatment
Stage D
- advanced disease requires hospitalization and heart transplant
Term
Heart Failure Tests
Definition
- a echocardiogram uses ultrasound to see the structures of the heart
Term
High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
Definition
healthy cholesterol (H means healthy!)
Term
Hypercholesterolemia
Definition
- high cholesterol
- can cause heart attack or stroke
- mainly caused by smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, high blood pressure, and consumption of bad cholesterol
Term
Hypertension
Definition
the heart has to work harder to push blood throughout the body
Term
Low Denisty Lipoprotein (LDL)
Definition
unhealthy cholesterol (L means lethal!)
Term
Stroke
Definition
- "brain attack"
- blood supply to brain is blocked
- can cause physical, mental, emotional, or a combination of disabilities
- caused by high blood pressure, diabetes, alcohol use, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, and/or obesity
- also can be caused by old age, gender, and/or family history
Term
Systolic/Diastolic Pressure
Definition
- systolic is the pressure during contraction of the blood vessels
- diastolic is the pressure during the relaxation of the blood vessels
- normal range is 90/60 - 120/80
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
- narrowing of the blood vessels
- increases blood pressure
- norepinephrine and epinephrine
- renin-angiotension system
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
- widening of the blood vessels
- decreases blood pressure
- increases nitric oxide
Term
Atenolol
Definition
- Beta-receptor blocker
- decreases blood pressure by relaxing vessels
- decreases heart rate and contraction
Term
Vasodilators
Definition
- minoxidil
- sodium nitroprusside
- nitroglycerin
Term
Minoxidil and Sodium Nitroprusside
Definition
- a vasodilator
- increases nitric oxide in blood
- relaxes blood vessels
Term
Nitroglycerin
Definition
- a vasodilator
- relaxes veins and arteries
- eases heart workload
- increases blood supply to heart
- can cause severe headaches
- used in emergencies because it is fast acting
- treats coronary artery disease
Term
Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
Definition
- captopril
- losartan
Term
Captopril
Definition
- treats high blood pressure
- can help manage ischemic stroke
Term
Losartan
Definition
- treats high blood pressure
Term
Drugs that reduce cholesterol
Definition
- atorvastatin
- simvastatin
- ezetimibe
- cholestyramine
Term
Atorvastatin
Definition
- inhibits cholesterol synthesis
- helps treat ischemic stroke
Term
Simvastatin
Definition
- inhibits cholesterol synthesis
- helps treat ischemic stroke
Term
Ezetimibe
Definition
- inhibits cholesterol absorbtion
Term
Cholestyramine
Definition
- bile acid sequestrants
- bile acids assist in the process of fat absorption in the intestine
Term
Anticoagulants
Definition
- aspirin
- clopidogrel
Term
Aspirin
Definition
- inhibits clot formation
- analgesic anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory
Term
Clopidogrel
Definition
- inhibits clot formation
Term
Digoxin
Definition
- increases force of heart contractions
Term
Before insulin was discovered, how was diabetes treated?
Definition
It wasn't, it was incurable. Patients became emaciated and died within week
Term
What is diabetes?
Definition
a disturbance of the natural metabolic processes that regulate the states of feeding and fasting
Term
What are the three types of diabetes?
Definition
- type 1
- type 2
- gestational
Term
Treatment plans for diabetes
Definition
exercise, diet control, and drug therapy
Term
What does type 1 diabetes result from?
Definition
when the immune system attack on insulin-producing cells of the pancreas resulting in a deficiency of insulin and must be treated with insulin
Term
What does type 2 diabetes result from?
Definition
results from insufficient insulin action at various tissues and is usually treated with one or more drugs (can also be treated with insulin)
Term
Autoimmunity
Definition
- response of the body against healthy cells and tissues
Term
Beta-cell
Definition
- cells in the pancreas that make insulin
Term
Gestational
Definition
- time between conception and birth in which the mother gets diabetes
- hormones from the placenta block the actions of insulin in the mother
- results in hyperglycemia
Term
Gluconeogenesis
Definition
- lower glucose production by the liver
Term
Hemoglobin A1C
Definition
- use levels to diagnose diabetes
- tells average blood sugar over the last 2-3 months
Term
Hyperglycemia
Definition
- happens with type 1 & 2 diabetes
- high blood sugar
Term
Hypoglycemia
Definition
- can be caused by insulin treatments
- low blood sugar
- can be a complication in babies who had a mother with gestational diabetes
Term
Insulin
Definition
- a peptide hormone
- used to make blood sugar from carbohydrates
Term
"Insulin-shock"
Definition
- too much or too little insulin
- symptoms include sweating or chills, irritability, confusion, tachycardia, anger, dizziness, unconsciousness
Term
Macrosomia
Definition
- baby is larger than normal
- excess adiposity
Term
Insulins
Definition
- lispro (Humalog)
- regular (Humulin-R)
- NPH (Novolin-N)
- glargine (Lantus)
Term
Lispro (Humalog)
Definition
- rapid acting insulin treatment
Term
Regular (Humulin-R)
Definition
- short-acting insulin treatment
Term
NPH (Novolin-N)
Definition
- intermediate-acting insulin treatment
Term
Glargine (Lantus)
Definition
- long-acting insulin treatment
Term
What is the mechanism of action of insulin treatments?
Definition
- it increases glucose uptake and utilization by tissues
Term
Sulfonylureas/Meglitinides
Definition
- glipizide (Glucotrol)
- glyburide (Micronase)
- repaglinide (Prandin)
- nateglinide (Starlix®)
Term
What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas/meglitinides?
Definition
alter ion flow in insulin-producing beta-cells resulting in increased insulin secretion
Term
SGLT2 inhibtors
Definition
- canagliflozin (Invokana)
- empagliflozin (Jardiance)
Term
What does SGLT2 stand for?
Definition
sodium-glucose linked transporter-2
Term
What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2's?
Definition
glucose passes through the kidneys and 90% is absorbed by the SGLT2 back into the bloodstream (also reduces hyperglycemia)
Term
What are the skin's functions?
Definition
- functions as a barrier against pathogens and loss of body fluids
- regulates body temperature and water evaporation through sweating
Term
What are some common skin disorders?
Definition
acne, eczema, psoriasis, and cancer
Term
What is acne and how is it treated?
Definition
- clogged pores in the skin
- treated with drugs that decrease sebum, decrease the shedding of epithelial cells, kill the bacterium P. acnes, or reduce inflammation
Term
How are the damaging effects of UVA and UVB prevented?
Definition
By prophylactic use of physical or chemical sunscreens
Term
What can cause premature wrinkles and skin cancer?
Definition
frequent use of tanning beds
Term
What are the cancerous cell types in the epithelial layer?
Definition
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma
Term
What can be used to temporarily improve wrinkles?
Definition
cosmetic agents
Term
Acne
Definition
- caused by increased hormone levels, increased sebum production, follicle changes, and bacteria
Term
Carcinoma
Definition
- means cancer
- two types: basal cell and squamous cell
Term
Chemical sunscreen
Definition
- absorb UVA and UVB radiation
- organic compounds
Term
Comedo
Definition
acne lesion, a clogged pore
Term
Corticosteroids
Definition
- anti-inflammatory action
- can be used for rare destructive inflammatory acne
Term
Dermis
Definition
- the middle layer of skin, directly under the epidermis (contains vessels, follicles, and glands)
- UVA penetrates the dermis
Term
Eczema
Definition
- "itch that rashes", usually around elbows and knees
- aggravated by lack of moisture and/or allergens
- is a genetic disease or a defect of the skin
Term
Epidermis
Definition
- outermost layer of skin
- UVB penetrates
- contains melanocytes
Term
Follicle
Definition
small shaft that grows hair and excretes sebum
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
- bottom layer of the skin (subcutaneous)
- fatty tissue
Term
Melanin
Definition
- produced by melanocytes (determine the color of your skins)
- does not determine your risk level for developing skin cancer!!!
Term
Photoaging
Definition
- premature wrinkling
- UV radiation will destroy collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis
- only treatment is cosmetic or plastic surgery
Term
Physical sunscreen
Definition
- larger inorganic particles that reflect and scatter light
- protect mainly against UVA
- more compatible with sensitive skin
Term
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)
Definition
- multiply rapidly in a clogged follicle
- synthesizes chemicals that promote inflammation
Term
Psoriasis
Definition
- "itch condition"
- caused by overproduction and accumulation of skin cells
- skin cells are replaced every 3-5 days instead of 28-30 (typical)
Term
Retinoids
Definition
- a systemic treatment of psoriasis
- has the same effect of vitamin A
Term
Sebaceous gland
Definition
- sebum is produced here
- enlarged sebaceous glands cause acne
Term
Sebum
Definition
oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands
Term
Sun protection factor (SPF)
Definition
- measure of sunscreen effectiveness
- SPF 15 means it delays reddening of skin 15x longer than unprotected skin
- only considers UVB
Term
UVA
Definition
- long wavelenth (less intense)
- most common (30-50x)
- not blocked by most windows
- penetrates deep in the dermis
- major contributor to wrinkling
Term
UVB
Definition
- shorter wavelength
- penetrates epidermis
- main cause of sunburn
Term
Avobenzone
Definition
- in chemical sunscreens
- absorbs only UVA
Term
Benzoyl peroxide
Definition
- kills P. acnes
- takes about 2 weeks to see effects
- Proactiv
Term
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA)
Definition
- lotions or spray tanning
- stains dead skin cells on epidermis
- safe alternative to sun tanning and tanning beds
- does not provide protection from UVA or UVB
Term
Hyaluronic Acid
Definition
- a cosmetic injection to add volume under the skin
- only temporary effects
- painful injections
Term
Isotretinoin (Accutane)
Definition
- type of retinoid
- derivative of Vitamin A
- unclogs pores
- used to treat severe acne that is resilient to other treatments
- can be used to treat wrinkle
Term
OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox)
Definition
- a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
- acts by paralyzing muscles
- blocks the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons
- can prevent wrinkles
- can be used to treat various medical conditions (i.e. eye problems, migraines, Parkinson's disease)
Term
Oxybenzone
Definition
- used in chemical sunscreens
- absorbs UVB and short wave UVA
Term
Padimate O
Definition
- used in chemical sunscreens
- most potent UVB absorber
Term
Salicyclic acid
Definition
- a skin shedding agent
- keeps pores unclogged
- no effect on P. acnes
Term
Tetracycline
Definition
- prescription acne product
- kills P. ances
Term
Titanium dioxide
Definition
- used in physical sunscreens
- reflect and scatter light
Term
What is cancer?
Definition
the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells caused by changes in the cell's DNA
Term
What changes in DNA can cause cancer?
Definition
random mistakes made by dividing cells inherited by parents and/or environmental factors known as carcinogens
Term
What are some examples of carcinogens?
Definition
tobacco, ultraviolet light, and viruses such as human papilloma virus (HPV)
Term
What is a mass of cells that grows abnormally called and what are the two different types?
Definition
- neoplasm
- benign or malignant
Term
Benign neoplasms
Definition
- localized
- do not have the ability to metastasize
Term
Malignant neoplasms
Definition
-invasive
- have the ability to metastasize
Term
What are the six characteristics of cancer?
Definition
- high rates of mutation
- increased proliferation
- evasion of cell death
- limitless replication potential
- the ability to produce new blood vessels that branch from existing vessels
- tissue invasion and metastasis
Term
How is cancer treated?
Definition
with surgery, radiation, and/or drugs
Term
Traditional cancer drugs mainly have what function?
Definition
to target all rapidly dividing cells
Term
Newer cancer drugs mainly have what function?
Definition
target specific components of cancer cells, they are more selective
Term
Why is a combination of cancer drugs most effective in treating cancer?
Definition
because it maximizes rapid cell death and reduces the risk of developing drug resistance
Term
What is a common issue with cancer drug therapy?
Definition
undesirable side effects and drug resistance
Term
Angiogenesis
Definition
development of blood vessels from exisiting blood vessels
Term
Benign
Definition
not in harmful effect
Term
DNA damage
Definition
- radiation is a cause
- causes cancer because of random DNA copying mistakes
Term
Invasion
Definition
ability to be in tissues, spread through the blood stream, and develop tumors at distant sites
Term
Malignant
Definition
harmful in effect
Term
Metastasis
Definition
development of more malignant cancer cells away from main site of cancer
Term
Proliferation
Definition
rapid increase in numbers
Term
Radiation
Definition
- kills rapidly growing cancer cells
- causes severe DNA damage to necessitate cell death
- also kills ad damages normal cells
- nausea, vomiting, and hair loss are side effects
Term
Therapeutic index
Definition
- chemotherapeutics have a low index
- meaning high doses are required to maximize rapid cancer cell death
Term
Anastrozole
Definition
- reduce cell growth signaling by estrogen
- inhibits conversion of androgens into estrogens, so it inhibits estrogen synthesis
- women must be postmenopausal and cancer cells must depend on estrogen for growth
- used for estrogen-receptor+ breast cancers
- side effects include loss of bone density and joint pain
Term
Cisplatin
Definition
- to kill rapidly growing cancer cells
- cross-links DNA, which disrupts DNA structure and function
- ovarian and testicular cancers are treated with this drug
- side effects are nausea and vomiting
- can cause kidney failure
Term
Doxorubicin
Definition
- goal is to kill rapidly growing cancer cells
- inhibits an enzyme that is necessary for repairing DNA tangles, causes DNA mutations by inserting into the DNA
- treats breast, ovarian, leukemias, lymphomas
- side effects are nausea and vomiting
- toxic effect is heart toxicity
Term
Flutamide
Definition
- reduces cell growth signaling by androgens
- competitive inhibitor of androgen at the androgen receptor
- cancer cells must be dependent on androgen for growth
- AR-positive prostate cancers
- side effect is nausea
Term
Tamoxifen
Definition
- reduces cell growth signaling by estrogen
- competetive inhibitor of estrogen at the estrogen receptor
- cancer cells must be dependent on estrogen for growth
- ER-positive breast cancers
- side effects include blood clots, hot flashes
Term
Trastuzumab
Definition
- reduces cell growth signaling
- antibody that blocks the Her2 protein
- cancer cells must be reliant on the Her2 protein for proliferation
- Her2-positive breast cancers, lung cancers
- side effects include fever, chills, and headache
Term
What is toxicology?
Definition
the study of adverse effects of chemical on biological systems (all substances can be toxic)
Term
What determines if something is a poison?
Definition
the dose at which a chemical is toxic or lethal in 50% of the population (TD50 and LD 50)
Term
What is the difference between side effects and toxic effects?
Definition
side effects are less severe (nausea, headache, vomiting, etc) while toxic effects are those which cause serious or permanent damages (kidney failure or death)
Term
What is bioaccumulation?
Definition
- when the excretion/removal of a toxic substance is lower than the uptake
- substance builds up in the body
Term
What is biomagnification?
Definition
- when the concentration of a toxic substance increases as it moves up the food chain
Term
How are air pollutants harmful?
Definition
- they can be toxic
- can cause respiratory problems
Term
How is carbon monoxide harmful?
Definition
- when inhaled it can cause toxicity by reducing the transport of oxygen in the blood (less oxygen delivered to tissues)
Term
How are heavy metals harmful?
Definition
- lead and mercury
- toxic and generally cause problems in the nervous system and GI tract
Term
Chelation
Definition
- heavy metals bind to the chelating agent to be excreted in the urine
- ex. inorganic mercury
Term
Median Lethal Dose (LD50)
Definition
amount of a substance required to kill 50% of the test population
Term
Median Toxic Dose (TD50)
Definition
amount of a substance that causes toxicity in 50% of the test population (less than LD50)
Term
Cleaning products
Definition
contain coloring and chemicals that can damage DNA, induce asthma, damage red blood cells
Term
Cosmetics
Definition
contain carcinogens and lead (in lipsticks) that are linked to thyroid and brain signaling problems, cancer, and DNA damage
Term
How is ozone toxic?
Definition
can cause asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, permanent lug damage, and skin cancers
Term
Lead
Definition
- in children: learning disabilities, irritability, dec. appetite, and issues with speech
- in adults: high bp, constipation, joint and muscle pain, numbness, headache, and memory loss
- treated with chelating agents
Term
Mercury
Definition
- sources is burning coal, processing metal, fish, and dental fillings
- treated with inorganic mercury
Term
Ethanol
Definition
- beer, wine, etc
- toxic to CNS, liver, and kidney
- can cause fetal abnormalities
Term
Isopropanol
Definition
- ex. rubbing alcohol
- 2nd most frequently ingested alcohol
- twice as potent of a CNS depressant as ethanol
- toxic to liver and kidney, fetal abnormalities
Term
Methanol
Definition
- industrial solvents, paint removers
- 10mL of 40% is enough to cause blindness
- toxic to the eye, GI, kidney, and CNS
Term
Ethylene glycol
Definition
- antifreeze
- sweet tasting
- toxic to kidney, cardiovascular system, and nerves
Term
Ethanol as a treatment for alcohol
Definition
forces metabolism of ethanol instead of methanol, methanol is excreted
Term
Disulfiram as a treatment for alcohol
Definition
inhibits the metabolism of ethanol and causes acute illness when alcohol is consumed
Term
Acamprosate as a treatment for alcohol
Definition
thought to stabilize the chemical balance in the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcohol withdrawal
Supporting users have an ad free experience!