Term
| What diseases is obesity associated with? |
|
Definition
| hypertension, high cholesterol, and type II diabetes |
|
|
Term
| What is obesity caused by? |
|
Definition
| an imbalance between energy intake and output |
|
|
Term
| What do current therapeutics of obesity target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do modulators of energy intake target? |
|
Definition
| the neurons that signal satiety or decreases the absorption of calories in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| What do drugs increasing metabolism do and why are they now banned? |
|
Definition
| increasing metabolism is a treatment of obesity and they are banned because they can lead to hyperthermia |
|
|
Term
| What is the most effective treatment for obesity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- gastric bypass
- makes stomach smaller which decreases hunger
- two types (restrictive and roux-en-Y) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of energy expended at rest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- body mass index
- weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared
- 18 or less = under weight
- 19-24 = healthy
- 25-29 = overweight
- 30-35 = obese |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| simultaneous presence of two chronic diseases or conditions in a single person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormally high body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
signals energy reserve status and
increases sympathetic nerve activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- BMI of 30 or higher
- being grossly fat or overweight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feeling full after eating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- increases metabolism
- rapid and effective weight loss
- can cause hyperthermia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- extended release antidepressant
- opioid receptor antagonist
- may activate neurons that signal satiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- injectable modulator of insulin secretion
- used for type II diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- serotonin receptor agonist
- activates neurons that signal satiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- decreases absorption of dietary fats
- prescription or OTC
- modest weight loss effect (supposed to use it with diet & exercise) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- extended release amphetamine
- anti-convulsant |
|
|
Term
| What is the number one cause of death in the US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can cardiovascular be prevented or treated? |
|
Definition
| with an improved diet and physical activity |
|
|
Term
| What is blood pressure regulated by? |
|
Definition
| pumping of the heart, blood vessel constriction, and blood volume |
|
|
Term
| How is high blood pressure treated? |
|
Definition
- vasodilators
- renin-angiotensin system inhibitors
- diuretics |
|
|
Term
| When does heart failure occur? |
|
Definition
| when the heart is not pumping blood as well as it should be, which means the organs do not get enough blood |
|
|
Term
| What can high cholesterol lead to? |
|
Definition
| development of atherosclerosis (blockage of blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
| What are the sources of cholesterol? |
|
Definition
- red meat or egg yolks
- body's liver produces it too |
|
|
Term
| What are the current methods to reduce high cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| - blocking absorption from the digestive track and inhibiting its production in the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is coronary heart disease a major cause of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kinds of drugs are useful in reducing plaque build up in coronary arteries? |
|
Definition
- vasodilators
- antiplatelet drugs |
|
|
Term
| What does reduction of plaque build up also decrease? |
|
Definition
| decreasing the risk of a heart attack |
|
|
Term
| What is a leading cause of long-term disability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are strokes caused by? |
|
Definition
| sudden loss of blood supply to the brain |
|
|
Term
| What drugs are useful in preventing stroke and what else are they useful for? |
|
Definition
- anticoagulants
- also reduce cholesterol and blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- drugs that thin blood
- used to treat coronary artery disease and/or manage stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an artery disease where fatty plaque builds up on the inner walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - cholesterol is synthesized in the liver |
|
|
Term
| Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery |
|
Definition
- a treatment of coronary artery disease
- artery or vein from another part of the body is attached
- blood is then able to bypass any blockage and reach the heart muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- heart muscles do not have enough oxygen
- can be treated with drugs, stent implantation, or bypass surgery
- nitroglycerin is the main drug, also anti-coagulants, Beta-Blockers, and/or ACE inhibitors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the heart isn't pumping as well as it should be
- organs are not getting enough blood
- caused by hypertension, coronary artery disease, and/or congestive heart disease |
|
|
Term
| 4 Stages of Heart Failure |
|
Definition
Stage A
- at a high risk for developing heart failure
Stage B
- heart has structural changes, but no symptoms present
Stage C
- symptoms appear and require medical treatment
Stage D
- advanced disease requires hospitalization and heart transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - a echocardiogram uses ultrasound to see the structures of the heart |
|
|
Term
| High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) |
|
Definition
| healthy cholesterol (H means healthy!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- high cholesterol
- can cause heart attack or stroke
- mainly caused by smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, high blood pressure, and consumption of bad cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the heart has to work harder to push blood throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| Low Denisty Lipoprotein (LDL) |
|
Definition
| unhealthy cholesterol (L means lethal!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- "brain attack"
- blood supply to brain is blocked
- can cause physical, mental, emotional, or a combination of disabilities
- caused by high blood pressure, diabetes, alcohol use, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, and/or obesity
- also can be caused by old age, gender, and/or family history |
|
|
Term
| Systolic/Diastolic Pressure |
|
Definition
- systolic is the pressure during contraction of the blood vessels
- diastolic is the pressure during the relaxation of the blood vessels
- normal range is 90/60 - 120/80 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- narrowing of the blood vessels
- increases blood pressure
- norepinephrine and epinephrine
- renin-angiotension system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- widening of the blood vessels
- decreases blood pressure
- increases nitric oxide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Beta-receptor blocker
- decreases blood pressure by relaxing vessels
- decreases heart rate and contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- minoxidil
- sodium nitroprusside
- nitroglycerin |
|
|
Term
| Minoxidil and Sodium Nitroprusside |
|
Definition
- a vasodilator
- increases nitric oxide in blood
- relaxes blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a vasodilator
- relaxes veins and arteries
- eases heart workload
- increases blood supply to heart
- can cause severe headaches
- used in emergencies because it is fast acting
- treats coronary artery disease |
|
|
Term
| Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- treats high blood pressure
- can help manage ischemic stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - treats high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that reduce cholesterol |
|
Definition
- atorvastatin
- simvastatin
- ezetimibe
- cholestyramine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inhibits cholesterol synthesis
- helps treat ischemic stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inhibits cholesterol synthesis
- helps treat ischemic stroke |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - inhibits cholesterol absorbtion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- bile acid sequestrants
- bile acids assist in the process of fat absorption in the intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inhibits clot formation
- analgesic anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - inhibits clot formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - increases force of heart contractions |
|
|
Term
| Before insulin was discovered, how was diabetes treated? |
|
Definition
| It wasn't, it was incurable. Patients became emaciated and died within week |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disturbance of the natural metabolic processes that regulate the states of feeding and fasting |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of diabetes? |
|
Definition
- type 1
- type 2
- gestational |
|
|
Term
| Treatment plans for diabetes |
|
Definition
| exercise, diet control, and drug therapy |
|
|
Term
| What does type 1 diabetes result from? |
|
Definition
| when the immune system attack on insulin-producing cells of the pancreas resulting in a deficiency of insulin and must be treated with insulin |
|
|
Term
| What does type 2 diabetes result from? |
|
Definition
| results from insufficient insulin action at various tissues and is usually treated with one or more drugs (can also be treated with insulin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - response of the body against healthy cells and tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - cells in the pancreas that make insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- time between conception and birth in which the mother gets diabetes
- hormones from the placenta block the actions of insulin in the mother
- results in hyperglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - lower glucose production by the liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- use levels to diagnose diabetes
- tells average blood sugar over the last 2-3 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- happens with type 1 & 2 diabetes
- high blood sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- can be caused by insulin treatments
- low blood sugar
- can be a complication in babies who had a mother with gestational diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a peptide hormone
- used to make blood sugar from carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- too much or too little insulin
- symptoms include sweating or chills, irritability, confusion, tachycardia, anger, dizziness, unconsciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- baby is larger than normal
- excess adiposity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lispro (Humalog)
- regular (Humulin-R)
- NPH (Novolin-N)
- glargine (Lantus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - rapid acting insulin treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - short-acting insulin treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - intermediate-acting insulin treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - long-acting insulin treatment |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of insulin treatments? |
|
Definition
| - it increases glucose uptake and utilization by tissues |
|
|
Term
| Sulfonylureas/Meglitinides |
|
Definition
- glipizide (Glucotrol)
- glyburide (Micronase)
- repaglinide (Prandin)
- nateglinide (Starlix®) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of sulfonylureas/meglitinides? |
|
Definition
| alter ion flow in insulin-producing beta-cells resulting in increased insulin secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- canagliflozin (Invokana)
- empagliflozin (Jardiance) |
|
|
Term
| What does SGLT2 stand for? |
|
Definition
| sodium-glucose linked transporter-2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2's? |
|
Definition
| glucose passes through the kidneys and 90% is absorbed by the SGLT2 back into the bloodstream (also reduces hyperglycemia) |
|
|
Term
| What are the skin's functions? |
|
Definition
- functions as a barrier against pathogens and loss of body fluids
- regulates body temperature and water evaporation through sweating |
|
|
Term
| What are some common skin disorders? |
|
Definition
| acne, eczema, psoriasis, and cancer |
|
|
Term
| What is acne and how is it treated? |
|
Definition
- clogged pores in the skin
- treated with drugs that decrease sebum, decrease the shedding of epithelial cells, kill the bacterium P. acnes, or reduce inflammation |
|
|
Term
| How are the damaging effects of UVA and UVB prevented? |
|
Definition
| By prophylactic use of physical or chemical sunscreens |
|
|
Term
| What can cause premature wrinkles and skin cancer? |
|
Definition
| frequent use of tanning beds |
|
|
Term
| What are the cancerous cell types in the epithelial layer? |
|
Definition
| basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma |
|
|
Term
| What can be used to temporarily improve wrinkles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - caused by increased hormone levels, increased sebum production, follicle changes, and bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- means cancer
- two types: basal cell and squamous cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- absorb UVA and UVB radiation
- organic compounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| acne lesion, a clogged pore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- anti-inflammatory action
- can be used for rare destructive inflammatory acne |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- the middle layer of skin, directly under the epidermis (contains vessels, follicles, and glands)
- UVA penetrates the dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- "itch that rashes", usually around elbows and knees
- aggravated by lack of moisture and/or allergens
- is a genetic disease or a defect of the skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- outermost layer of skin
- UVB penetrates
- contains melanocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small shaft that grows hair and excretes sebum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- bottom layer of the skin (subcutaneous)
- fatty tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produced by melanocytes (determine the color of your skins)
- does not determine your risk level for developing skin cancer!!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- premature wrinkling
- UV radiation will destroy collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis
- only treatment is cosmetic or plastic surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- larger inorganic particles that reflect and scatter light
- protect mainly against UVA
- more compatible with sensitive skin |
|
|
Term
| Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) |
|
Definition
- multiply rapidly in a clogged follicle
- synthesizes chemicals that promote inflammation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- "itch condition"
- caused by overproduction and accumulation of skin cells
- skin cells are replaced every 3-5 days instead of 28-30 (typical) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a systemic treatment of psoriasis
- has the same effect of vitamin A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sebum is produced here
- enlarged sebaceous glands cause acne |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oily substance produced by the sebaceous glands |
|
|
Term
| Sun protection factor (SPF) |
|
Definition
- measure of sunscreen effectiveness
- SPF 15 means it delays reddening of skin 15x longer than unprotected skin
- only considers UVB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- long wavelenth (less intense)
- most common (30-50x)
- not blocked by most windows
- penetrates deep in the dermis
- major contributor to wrinkling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- shorter wavelength
- penetrates epidermis
- main cause of sunburn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- in chemical sunscreens
- absorbs only UVA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- kills P. acnes
- takes about 2 weeks to see effects
- Proactiv |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- lotions or spray tanning
- stains dead skin cells on epidermis
- safe alternative to sun tanning and tanning beds
- does not provide protection from UVA or UVB |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a cosmetic injection to add volume under the skin
- only temporary effects
- painful injections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- type of retinoid
- derivative of Vitamin A
- unclogs pores
- used to treat severe acne that is resilient to other treatments
- can be used to treat wrinkle |
|
|
Term
| OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) |
|
Definition
- a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum
- acts by paralyzing muscles
- blocks the release of acetylcholine from motor neurons
- can prevent wrinkles
- can be used to treat various medical conditions (i.e. eye problems, migraines, Parkinson's disease) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- used in chemical sunscreens
- absorbs UVB and short wave UVA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- used in chemical sunscreens
- most potent UVB absorber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- a skin shedding agent
- keeps pores unclogged
- no effect on P. acnes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- prescription acne product
- kills P. ances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- used in physical sunscreens
- reflect and scatter light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells caused by changes in the cell's DNA |
|
|
Term
| What changes in DNA can cause cancer? |
|
Definition
| random mistakes made by dividing cells inherited by parents and/or environmental factors known as carcinogens |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of carcinogens? |
|
Definition
| tobacco, ultraviolet light, and viruses such as human papilloma virus (HPV) |
|
|
Term
| What is a mass of cells that grows abnormally called and what are the two different types? |
|
Definition
- neoplasm
- benign or malignant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- localized
- do not have the ability to metastasize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-invasive
- have the ability to metastasize |
|
|
Term
| What are the six characteristics of cancer? |
|
Definition
- high rates of mutation
- increased proliferation
- evasion of cell death
- limitless replication potential
- the ability to produce new blood vessels that branch from existing vessels
- tissue invasion and metastasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with surgery, radiation, and/or drugs |
|
|
Term
| Traditional cancer drugs mainly have what function? |
|
Definition
| to target all rapidly dividing cells |
|
|
Term
| Newer cancer drugs mainly have what function? |
|
Definition
| target specific components of cancer cells, they are more selective |
|
|
Term
| Why is a combination of cancer drugs most effective in treating cancer? |
|
Definition
| because it maximizes rapid cell death and reduces the risk of developing drug resistance |
|
|
Term
| What is a common issue with cancer drug therapy? |
|
Definition
| undesirable side effects and drug resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of blood vessels from exisiting blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- radiation is a cause
- causes cancer because of random DNA copying mistakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to be in tissues, spread through the blood stream, and develop tumors at distant sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| development of more malignant cancer cells away from main site of cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rapid increase in numbers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- kills rapidly growing cancer cells
- causes severe DNA damage to necessitate cell death
- also kills ad damages normal cells
- nausea, vomiting, and hair loss are side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- chemotherapeutics have a low index
- meaning high doses are required to maximize rapid cancer cell death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- reduce cell growth signaling by estrogen
- inhibits conversion of androgens into estrogens, so it inhibits estrogen synthesis
- women must be postmenopausal and cancer cells must depend on estrogen for growth
- used for estrogen-receptor+ breast cancers
- side effects include loss of bone density and joint pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- to kill rapidly growing cancer cells
- cross-links DNA, which disrupts DNA structure and function
- ovarian and testicular cancers are treated with this drug
- side effects are nausea and vomiting
- can cause kidney failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- goal is to kill rapidly growing cancer cells
- inhibits an enzyme that is necessary for repairing DNA tangles, causes DNA mutations by inserting into the DNA
- treats breast, ovarian, leukemias, lymphomas
- side effects are nausea and vomiting
- toxic effect is heart toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- reduces cell growth signaling by androgens
- competitive inhibitor of androgen at the androgen receptor
- cancer cells must be dependent on androgen for growth
- AR-positive prostate cancers
- side effect is nausea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- reduces cell growth signaling by estrogen
- competetive inhibitor of estrogen at the estrogen receptor
- cancer cells must be dependent on estrogen for growth
- ER-positive breast cancers
- side effects include blood clots, hot flashes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- reduces cell growth signaling
- antibody that blocks the Her2 protein
- cancer cells must be reliant on the Her2 protein for proliferation
- Her2-positive breast cancers, lung cancers
- side effects include fever, chills, and headache |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of adverse effects of chemical on biological systems (all substances can be toxic) |
|
|
Term
| What determines if something is a poison? |
|
Definition
| the dose at which a chemical is toxic or lethal in 50% of the population (TD50 and LD 50) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between side effects and toxic effects? |
|
Definition
| side effects are less severe (nausea, headache, vomiting, etc) while toxic effects are those which cause serious or permanent damages (kidney failure or death) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- when the excretion/removal of a toxic substance is lower than the uptake
- substance builds up in the body |
|
|
Term
| What is biomagnification? |
|
Definition
| - when the concentration of a toxic substance increases as it moves up the food chain |
|
|
Term
| How are air pollutants harmful? |
|
Definition
- they can be toxic
- can cause respiratory problems |
|
|
Term
| How is carbon monoxide harmful? |
|
Definition
| - when inhaled it can cause toxicity by reducing the transport of oxygen in the blood (less oxygen delivered to tissues) |
|
|
Term
| How are heavy metals harmful? |
|
Definition
- lead and mercury
- toxic and generally cause problems in the nervous system and GI tract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- heavy metals bind to the chelating agent to be excreted in the urine
- ex. inorganic mercury |
|
|
Term
| Median Lethal Dose (LD50) |
|
Definition
| amount of a substance required to kill 50% of the test population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amount of a substance that causes toxicity in 50% of the test population (less than LD50) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain coloring and chemicals that can damage DNA, induce asthma, damage red blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain carcinogens and lead (in lipsticks) that are linked to thyroid and brain signaling problems, cancer, and DNA damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cause asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, permanent lug damage, and skin cancers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- in children: learning disabilities, irritability, dec. appetite, and issues with speech
- in adults: high bp, constipation, joint and muscle pain, numbness, headache, and memory loss
- treated with chelating agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- sources is burning coal, processing metal, fish, and dental fillings
- treated with inorganic mercury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- beer, wine, etc
- toxic to CNS, liver, and kidney
- can cause fetal abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- ex. rubbing alcohol
- 2nd most frequently ingested alcohol
- twice as potent of a CNS depressant as ethanol
- toxic to liver and kidney, fetal abnormalities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- industrial solvents, paint removers
- 10mL of 40% is enough to cause blindness
- toxic to the eye, GI, kidney, and CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- antifreeze
- sweet tasting
- toxic to kidney, cardiovascular system, and nerves |
|
|
Term
| Ethanol as a treatment for alcohol |
|
Definition
| forces metabolism of ethanol instead of methanol, methanol is excreted |
|
|
Term
| Disulfiram as a treatment for alcohol |
|
Definition
| inhibits the metabolism of ethanol and causes acute illness when alcohol is consumed |
|
|
Term
| Acamprosate as a treatment for alcohol |
|
Definition
| thought to stabilize the chemical balance in the brain that would otherwise be disrupted by alcohol withdrawal |
|
|
