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Definition
- reinforcement or change of beliefs, attitudes, values
- “” personal or public behavior
- “” self-identity or sense of personal agency
- “” group identity or sense of group agency
- “” orientation toward the world |
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Definition
| dialogue showed program’s positive reinforcement of themes of motherly intuition and family ideology |
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Definition
| visual and verbal codes represents complex representation of AA life |
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Definition
| Dirty politics – political ads |
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Definition
| Deadly Persuasion – feminist critique of product ads aimed at women |
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| What Audience centered criticism focuses on |
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Definition
- the conception of the role of audience
- the dynamics of reception |
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Definition
| identify and analyze the “ideal” audience positions |
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Definition
| texts seemed to exist w/o readers |
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| Basic Characteristics of Reader-Oriented Criticism |
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Definition
- the text’s characterizing of the reader
- the text’s attempt to control the reading act |
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Definition
| defining readers as social products which are both historically and culturally situated |
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Definition
| most often characterized off-screen by being directly addressed by someone on-screen |
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Definition
| texts structure ideal reading through call of pretension, providing pressure on readers to answer questions |
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| What reader oriented criticism posits |
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Definition
- the conception of the role of audience
- the dynamics of reception |
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Term
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Definition
| most critics start with a text that is problematic in terms of what it says a/t the audience or demands from it |
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Term
| Strengths and limitations of reader-oriented criticism |
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Definition
- major strength: it discerns how the text characterizes and attempts to engage viewers
- major limitation: it is dependent on deducing the reading act, based on critic’s own experiences, and thus can only theorize the reader from a distance |
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Term
| Stuart Hall's Encoding/Decoding Model |
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Definition
distinguishes b/w three types of readers
- dominant/preferred
- negotiated
- oppositional |
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Term
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Definition
- open to variant meanings
- result from active viewers engaged in semiotic labor, adopting meanings for
pieces of language to their own experiences |
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Term
| Morley’s landmark study pointed to 2 needs in AEC |
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Definition
- need to focus on people who normally view certain programs
- need to focus on understanding the dynamics of viewing within the context that viewing
normally takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| audience identify with the psychological factors affecting a character and share his/her feelings despite unrealistic narratives |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the psycho-social responses that are encourages and cultivated through encounters w/ popular cultural texts. The viewer uses the program as a cultural resource from which they inform and stimulate an imaginative response. Thus the viewer is able to retreat from the monotony of the day-to-day into the stimulated melodrama |
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Term
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Definition
| triangulation (multiple methods – often combining the analysis of texts w/ observing viewing and depth interviewing) |
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Term
| Lofland’s four tenets of the ethnographic report |
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Definition
- the report is close to data and based on substantial observation
- it is truthful and written in good faith
- it uses much description and illustrative quotations
- it states procedures for analyzing the data |
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Term
| Van Mannen’s distinction of the two types of ethnographic research reports |
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Definition
- realist tale – told from the vantage point of the subjects and framed
in terms of their lives
- confessional tale – stresses critic-fieldworker’s vantage point and
including researcher’s identity provides full disclosure and insights |
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Term
| the Miles and Huberman approach |
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Definition
- analysis will need to reduce large amounts of data to concise, but rich descriptions of patterns and features
- analysis will display data in organized, illustrative ways
- analysis will explain procedures used to arrive at interpretive conclusions |
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Term
| Conclusions drawn through AEC in two ways |
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Definition
- analytic induction - works from the researcher’s assumptions and assesses tightness of fit for causal generalizations
- grounded theory – arises from the data to fit context under study |
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Term
| Strengths and limitations of audience ethnographic criticism |
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Definition
Strengths
- depth of description and analysis of audience meaning construction provides
new ways of watching TV; understanding meaning through viewer’s eyes o
Limitations
- dependent on small samples (generalizations difficult); critic may bring unintentional bias to interpreting audience experience |
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Term
| Defining ideology and ideological criticism |
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Definition
- defines ideology as “meaning in the service of power”
- investigates the ways in which cultural practices and institutions produce particular knowledge and positions for their users i.e. TV audiences |
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Term
| Marxist Theory says that.... |
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Definition
- Things aren’t always as they seem
- profit rules
- the system of economic relationships (characterized by profit, efficiency,
and control)
- idea of ruling economic and political class is 'false consciousness' b/c they
lead ordinary people to accept as normal and natural
- people who accept beliefs and values of powerful social classes as their own
are fools of the dominant ideology |
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Term
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Definition
| Race, age, class, etc. clash |
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Term
| Gramsci’s Theory of Hegemony |
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Definition
- Revised Marx’s notion of how ideology works in a way that was diff from Althusser
- hegemony describes the general predominance of particular class, political and ideological interests within a
given society |
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Term
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Definition
| a struggle over which ideas are recognized as the prevailing, commonsense view for the majority |
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Term
| Usefulness of ideological criticism as a method |
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Definition
| defines ideographs as common, deeply revered ordinary lang terms for higher order |
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Term
| Discursive Analysis 3 types |
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Definition
- discourse - system of representation, reads TV texts in terms of existing political debates
- metaphor - uses rhetorical, narrative, and ideological concepts to identify and examine ideological positions organized and foregrounded by the verbal and visual metaphors in the text
- Mumby and Spitack – politics is war vs politics is a game
- ontological - way of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc. as
entities and substances |
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