Term
| Common primary tumors in children |
|
Definition
cerebellar astrocytoma
medulloblastoma
ependymoma
gliomas of the brainstem or optic nerve
germinoma
congenital tumors |
|
|
Term
| common metastatic tumors in children |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common primary tumors in adults |
|
Definition
meningioma
schwannoma
primary lymphoma
gliomas of the cerebral hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| common metastatic tumors in adults |
|
Definition
bronchogenic carcinoma
adenocarcinoma of the breast
malignant melanoma |
|
|
Term
| General signs and symptoms of tumors of nervous tissue |
|
Definition
headache
vomiting
papilledema
deterioration in mental status
seizures
forcal neurologic deficits/ cranial nerve deficits
endocrine dysfunction
gait disorders/ balance problems
uni- or bi- lateral motor or sensory loss
tremors
ataxia
herniation syndromes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when brain tissue herniates through a rigid intracranial barrier due to increased intracranil pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the temporal lobe shifts across the edge of the tentorium cerebelli causing compression ischemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cerebellar tonsils are forced through the foramen magnum compressing the brain stem and obstructing CSF flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| highest grade glioma tumor; most aggressive and malignant primary brain tumor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seizure, nausea, vomiting, headache and hemiparesis and
** progressive memory or cognitive impairment |
|
|
Term
| which cranial nerves does cranial nerve tumors affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| optic nerve causes loss of vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes loss of facial sensation; jaw weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
also called acoustic neuroma, vestibular schwannoma
causes ipsilateral tinnitus and hearing loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the most common glioma, can occur in most parts of the brain
low grade are more common in children and high grade more common in adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cancer arising in adrenal glands or less often from the extra-adrenal sympathetic chain, including retroperitoneum, chest and neck
produce chatecholamines which can be detected in a urinary excretions (VMA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign tumor that develops near the pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of craniopharyngioma |
|
Definition
| effects of increased intracranial pressue, pituitary gland dysfunction, and optic nerve damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign tumor of the meninges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| venous sinus, along the base of the skull and in the posterior fossae |
|
|
Term
| compression of base of skull due to meningioma |
|
Definition
| visual loss, occulomotor palsies, exophthalmos |
|
|
Term
| compression of foramen magnum due to meningioma |
|
Definition
| ipsilateral suboccipital pain and paresis that cranial nerve deficts |
|
|
Term
| compression of olfactory groove due to meningioma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compression of posterior fossae due to meningioma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pituitary tumors/adenomas |
|
Definition
| may be secretory or non-secretory |
|
|
Term
| how are secretory adenomas classified |
|
Definition
| histiologic staining characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overproduce growth hormone causing gigantism or acromegaly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overproduce ACTH leading to Cushing's syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What is the hormone most commonly overproduced due to pituitary tumors |
|
Definition
| prolactin causing amenorrhea and glactorrhea in women; erectile dysfunction and gynecomastia in men |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of pituitary tumors |
|
Definition
| headache, visual problems, endocrionpathies diabetes insipidus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encapsulated tumor with tissue or organ resembling normal derivatives of all three germ layers; most commonly benign but malignant exists as well |
|
|
Term
| Which tumor contains hair, teeth, and bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a teratoma of the ovary, the most common location of a teratoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal pregnancy in which chorionic villi become edematous and trophoblastic tissue proliferates; passage of grape like tissue |
|
|
Term
| hydatiform mole causes the overproduction of what hormone? |
|
Definition
| Human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an invasive, usually widely metastatic tumor composed of malignant trophoblastic cells; increases levels of HCG and persistent bleeding |
|
|
Term
| Which tumors of embryonic tissue tumors causes an increase in production of HCG? |
|
Definition
| Hydatiform mole and choriocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Wilm's tumor/ nephroblastoma |
|
Definition
| embryonal cancer of the kidney usually presenting in children <5yrs; associated with a chromosomal deletion of WT1 |
|
|
Term
| what chromosomes are effected by Wilm's tumors? |
|
Definition
| A deletion of chromosome 16, and a duplication of chromosome 12 |
|
|
Term
| What syndrome is associated with Wilm's tumors? |
|
Definition
WAGR syndrome
Wilm's tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary malformations, mental Retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer arising from the immature retina; most cases are in children under 2 yrs |
|
|
Term
| diagnosis of retinoblastoma |
|
Definition
| white reflex (leukocoria or "cat's eye" pupil) or strabismus in investigated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a catecholamine (NE, Epinephrine, Dopamine, and dopa) secreting tumor typically located in the adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| What is a unique symptom present with pheochromocytoma? |
|
Definition
| A sense of impending doom |
|
|
Term
| Four general types of thyroid cancers |
|
Definition
Papillary carcinoma(70-80%)women 30-60
follicular carcinoma(10%)elderly
medullary carcinoma(3%)calcitonin
anaplastic carcinoma(2%)elderly, rapid painful enlargement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| present as asymptomatic nodules; diagnosis made by fine-needle aspiration |
|
|
Term
| Which tumor can be a surgically corrected HTN? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four categories of arthritis |
|
Definition
1. Degenerative disorders
2. Inflammatory disorders
3. Metabolic disorders
4. Infective disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commonly exits a non-uniform loss of joint space, osteophytes, subchondral sclerosis and cysts and a predisposition for asymmetrical distribution |
|
|
Term
| What are the degenerative arthritides? (5) |
|
Definition
Osteoarthritis/ DJD
Erosive Osteoarthritis
DISH
Neurotrophic Arthropathy
Synoviochondrometaplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commonly exhibits soft tissue swelling/edema, uniform loss of joint space, bone erosions, juxta-articulatar osteoporosis. When polyarticular, a symmetric pattern of distributions more frequent. |
|
|
Term
| What are the inflammatory arthritides? (10) |
|
Definition
RA
Juvenile RA
psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reiter's syndrome
Systemic lupus erythmatosus
Jaccoud's Arthritis
Scleroderma
Osteitis Condensana
Osteitis pubis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Commonlh exhibited soft tissue masses, bone lesions |
|
|
Term
| What are the metabolic arthritides? |
|
Definition
1. Gout
2. Calcium pyro phosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease
3. Onchronosis
4. Sarcoidosis |
|
|
Term
| What is an infective arthritides? |
|
Definition
| Ineffective/ septic Arthritis |
|
|
Term
| Four categories of arthritis |
|
Definition
1. Degenerative disorders
2. Inflammatory disorders
3. Metabolic disorders
4. Infective disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transition zone between bone a d ligament or tendon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammatory cellular infiltrate at the bone-ligament or bone-tendon jxn, usually seen in inflammatory arthritides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of bone due to pressure atrophy or bone breakdown |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ossification of a ligament or tendon, common in DISH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Entire joint space is decreased, seen most in inflammatory arthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Localized decrease in joint cavity, usually at most stressed site, seen most in degenerative arthritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degenerative bony outgrowth continuous with underlying cortex, covered with a cartilaginous cap; occurring at the insertion of a ligament near a joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammatory ossification within a spinal ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammatory arthritis that lacks the presence of rheumatoid factor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common arthritis characterized by changes in articulate cartilage and its related components |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When signs of degenerative are in the extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When signs of degeneration a in the facet region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whe. Signs of degeneration is in the disk region |
|
|
Term
| Most common site of Osteoarthritis |
|
Definition
| Weight bearing articulations of the spine, hips and knees, AC joint, first metatarosophalangeal, first metacarpal-trapeziu , and DIP joints of the hand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-uniform
Subchondral sclerosis
Osteophyte formation
Asymmetric distribution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lucent vacuum cleft adjacent to an endplate, aka Knuttsen's sign |
|
|
Term
| Associated degenerative syndromes |
|
Definition
degenerative spondylolisthesis
instability
synovial cysts
hemispheric spondylosclerosis (HSS)
Baastrup's syndrome (Kissing Spine Syndrome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variant of degenerative joint disease |
|
|
Term
| clinical features of erosive osteoarthritis |
|
Definition
predominantly affects females in 40s & 50s
DIP and PIP
may occasionally involve the thumb at the metacarpaphalangeal and carpometacarpal joints and between the trapezium and scaphoid articulations |
|
|
Term
| radiographic features of erosive osteoarthritis |
|
Definition
osteophytes, non- uniform, sclerosis
superimposed changes of erosions, periostitis, and ankylosis on the above degenerative features
bone erosions are centrally located on the proximal articular surface and more peripheral at the distal articular surface "gull wings" |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of erosive osteoarthritis |
|
Definition
| range of motion exercise performed in warm water can help prevent contractures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka Forrestier's disease
Spinal and extraspinal disorder characterized by ligamentous calcification and ossification, commonly ALL also PLL |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of DISH |
|
Definition
Affect predominately males 50yrs
symptoms can be asymptomatic to low grade musculoskeletal pain and stiffness
Dysphagia
associated with adult onset diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| Definitive Radiographic features of DISH |
|
Definition
flowing ossification/calcification of anterior aspect of at least 4 contiguous vert bodies
preservation of disc height
absence of apaphyseal joint ankylosis and sacroiliac joint erosion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a destructive articular disorder occurring secondarily to a loss or impairment in joint proprioception
Involved joint undergoes traumatic degeneration
Charcot's joint
most common cause is diabetes |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of neurotrophic arthropathy |
|
Definition
neuro signs such as altered gait patterns, loss of deep tendon reflexes and pain insensitivity
joint has painless instability, enlargement, crepitus |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of neurotrophic arthropathy? |
|
Definition
Congenital
Acquired (diabetes, Charcot-Marie Tooth disease)
Iatrogenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hypertrophic Pattern
Atrophoc Pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by the 6 D's (bag of bones); more common of the 2 patterns, seen more in weight-bearing joints of the lumbar spine, knees, and ankles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| seen most commonly in non-weight-bearing joints of the upper extremity, esp the shoulder, elbow and wrist, as well as hip and foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arthropathy characterized by synovial tissue producing cartilaginous "Loose bodies" within a joint, sometimes referred to as joint mice |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of synoviochondrometaplasi |
|
Definition
| affects males 3:1 in 30-50 y.o; most common site is the knee, followed by the elbow hip, ankle, shoulder, and wrist |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic feature of synoviochodrometaplasia |
|
Definition
joint space will appear normal if loose bodies are not calcifies
once calcified, appear as round or ovoid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inflammatory connective tissue disorder which targets synovial tissue, ESP peripheral joints of hands/feet as well as larger joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Begins with synovial inflammation within its, bursae, and tendon sheaths with cellular infiltrate
Pannus infiltrates cartilage surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Onset 20-60y.o women 3:1
Common symptoms of I t pain, stiffness, tenderness and swelling, often beginning in the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints
Palatable rheumatoid nodules
Soft swellings adjacent to the MCP joints called Haygarth nodes (PIP joints - Bouchard nodes) |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic features of RA |
|
Definition
Periarticular soft tissue swellling (Bakers Cyst)
Juxta-articulate osteoporosis
Marginal erosions "Rat-bites erosions
Joint deformity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ulnar deviation
Boutonnière
Swan neck
Lanois deformity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Elevated ESR and C-RP
(+)rheumatoid factors
Normochromic |
|
|
Term
| Syndromes associated with RA |
|
Definition
Feltys syndrome
Caplans syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combination of leukopenia, splenomegally and RA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combination of pneymoconiosis |
|
|
Term
| Juvenile RA (Still's Disease) |
|
Definition
Chronic polyarthritis resembling RA and onset beginning before age 16
Absence of rheumatoid factor
Affects bone growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Classic Systemic
Pauciarticular-Monoarticulat
Polyarticular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An erosive, Seronegative Arthropathy associated with psoriasis |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of psoriatic arthritis |
|
Definition
Onset usually btw 20-50yo male=female
High correlation with psoriatic mail involment
Early changes: DIP joint redness, sausage joints
Sacroiliac involvement |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic features of Psoriatic arthritis |
|
Definition
Most common joints involved are DIP and PIP
Fluffy periostitis aka mouse ears sign
Pencil in cup deformity |
|
|
Term
| Labs of Psoriatic arthritis |
|
Definition
Elevated ESR
(-) rheumatoid factor
(+) HLA-B27 antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chronic inflammatory disorder involving primarily the axial skeleton affecting mostly males (15-40); progresses to bony ankylosis , ligamentous ossifications |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of ankylosing spondylitis |
|
Definition
Pain, achy, stiffness beginning in low back. Sciatica may be a complaint
Diminished chest expansion
Extra skeletal manifestations may involve eye, heart, lung, gastrointestinal, genitourinary |
|
|
Term
| Labs for ankylosing spondylitis |
|
Definition
Increased ESR
HLA-B27 (up to 90%) |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic features Of ankylosing spondylitis |
|
Definition
| Generally osteoporosis, erosions,reactive sclerosis, and bony ankylosis |
|
|
Term
| Spinal Radiographic features of ankylosing spondylitis |
|
Definition
Shiny corner sign
Bamboo sign
Trolley track sign
Dagger sign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reactive arthritis characterized by urethritis, conjunctivitis, and poly arthritis, may or may not all be present simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of Reiter's syndrome |
|
Definition
18-40 y.o predominantly males
Painful joints of the lower extremity
Pain at the Achilles calcaneal attachment (lover's heel) |
|
|
Term
| Two causes of Reiter's syndrome |
|
Definition
Venereal (e.g. Clamydia); more common
Dysenteric (eg Shigella, salmonella) |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic features of Reiter's Syndrome |
|
Definition
| Swelling, osteoporosis, loss of joint space,erosions, and fluffy periostitis |
|
|
Term
| Labs of Reiter's syndrome |
|
Definition
Anemia
Elevated ESR
HLA-B27 (up to 75%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chronic autoimmune disorder in which a person's white blood cells attack their moisture producing glands |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of Sjogrens syndrome |
|
Definition
Dry mouth, dry eyes, organ dysfunction, fatigue and joint pain
Increased incidence of developing lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(+) ANA
(+) rheumatoid factor
Schirmer test
Salivary flow test |
|
|
Term
| Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus |
|
Definition
| Chronic connective tissue disorder involving many organ systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
More prevalent in females (20-40)
Symptoms are generally constitutional (ex. alopecia)
May present with butterfly rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti DNA antibodies
(+) ANA antibodies
elevated ESR |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic features of SLE |
|
Definition
Bilateral symmetrical deformities
Atlantoaxial instagility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rare consequence of rheumatic fever
Predominantly MCP and MTP joints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aka progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS)
Systemic |
|
|
Term
| Clinical feautures of Scleroderma |
|
Definition
More common in women
Begins as edema progresses with induration and then atrophy of underlying tissue
Face is described as mouse like or mask like; have claw like fingers |
|
|
Term
| What syndrome is associated with scleroderma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcinosis, Raynauds phenomenon, Esophageal dysfunction, Sclerodactyly, Telangiectasia |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic features of Scleroderma |
|
Definition
Soft tissue calcification
Resorption of distal phalanges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Painful condition characterized by bony resorption and reossification of the pubic symphysis |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of Osteitis Pubis |
|
Definition
Pain at pubic symphysis; may have antalgic gait (waddling gait)
Typically self limiting but may require arthodesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Disorder of purine metabolism in which hyperuricemia leads to the deposition of sodium monourate crystals into synovial tissue
Most commonly in lower extremities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of gout |
|
Definition
| More predominant in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asymptomatic
Acute gouty arthritis
Polyarticular gouty arthritis
Chronic tophaceous gout |
|
|
Term
| Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) |
|
Definition
Aka pseudogout
Inflammatory joint disease characterized by the deposition of CPPD into synovial fluid and articular cartilage |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of CPPD |
|
Definition
Predominantly in the peripheral joints especially the knees
Associated with other conditions such as diabetes mellitus, DJD, GOUT, hyoerparathyroidism, hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic features of CPPD |
|
Definition
| Calcification of hyaline or fibrocartilage (chondrocalcinosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rare hereditary metabolic disorder of amino acid metabolism characterized by an absence of homogenous tic acid oxidase |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of Ochronosis |
|
Definition
| Alkaptonuria- urine turns black when exposed to air |
|
|
Term
| Radiological features of Ochronosis |
|
Definition
| Mostly seen in spine, loss of disc height, vacuum phenomenon, discal calcifications, osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Systemic disease affecting multiple organ systems characterized by the formation of disseminated noncaseating granulomas |
|
|
Term
| Clinical features of Sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
African American and Scandinavians
Systemic symptoms include fever, persistent cough, anorexia, Nodular skin rash etc. |
|
|
Term
| Radiographic features of Sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
| Lace like trabecula of phalanges |
|
|
Term
| Syndrome associates with Sarcoidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Acute onset of sarcoidosis, fever, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and erythema nodosum (Rash on leg) |
|
|
Term
| Infective arthritis/ septic arthritis |
|
Definition
| Joint destruction due to a contamination with a micro-organism |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common micro-organism in infective arthritis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radiographic features of infective arthritis |
|
Definition
Rapid loss of joint space,white line
Progressing with medullary metaphysical motheaten destruction |
|
|
