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| Study of types of antigens expressed by tumors. How the immune system recognizes and responds to the antigens |
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| New uncontrolled growth of cells derived from one's own tissues |
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| Abnormal tissue resulting from uncontrolled growth |
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More likely to stop growing spontaneously.
Tumor usually confined to a single site |
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| Invasive; capable of spreading |
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| Cancer originating from epithelial cells |
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| Cancer originating from connective tissue |
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| Malignant hematopoietic cells - single cells |
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| Malignant hematopoietic cells - tumor masses |
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| Cancerous cells dislodge from original tumor; invade blood of lymphatic vessels; carried to other tissues where they proliferate |
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| blood vessel production induced |
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| According to the immune surveillance theory... |
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| the immune system removes abnormal cells regularly |
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| Cancer is the consequence of... |
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| AIDS patient with Kaposi's sarcoma |
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| example of immunodeficiency |
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| Cancer is most common in ______ patients |
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| Tumor growth _____ develop in healthy immunocompetent individuals |
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| Cancer-producing substances |
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| EBV + repeated attacks of malaria in Africa |
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| EBV + other unknown factors in China |
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| Human T cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-1) |
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| Carcinogens, Viruses, Hormones |
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| T or F: Tumor antigens earliest classification was based on patterns of expression |
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| Tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) |
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| AGNs expressed on tumor cells but NOT normal cells |
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| Tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) |
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| AGNs expressed on tumor cells AND on normal cells |
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| Modern classification relies on (2) |
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Molecular structures
Source of the AGN |
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| Genes capable of producing neoplastic transformation |
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| usually expressed in low levelsand promote normal cell proliferation |
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| Example: Overexpressed Her-2/neu in breast cancer |
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| Genes that normally inhibit growth of tumors |
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| Mutations in ______ is the most common genetic change associated with cancer in a variety of body sites |
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Expressed in developing fetus
Levels can be monitored |
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| Function of Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
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| promote binding of tumor cells to one another |
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| Where is Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) found? |
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| Fetus gut, pancreas, and liver |
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| Which cancers is Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) associated with? |
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| Colon, rectum, and others |
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| Conditions associated with Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)? |
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| Infections, inflammatory bowel disease, cirrhosis, and others |
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| Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is elevated in patients with (2) |
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| Liver tumors and Germ cell tumors |
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| Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) normally (2) |
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Definition
Secreted by fetal liver and yolk sac cells
Replace in adult by albumin |
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| Beta hCG is produce by ___ ___ |
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Definition
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| T or F: Beta hCG has many false negatives |
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| Beta hCG is used in men to monitor treatment and recurrence of ______ ____ |
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| CA-125 is screened for as a marker in ___ ___ |
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| T or F: CA-125 has high false-positive results |
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| Name 1 example of Altered glycolipid and glycoprotein antigen |
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| T or F: PSA is organ specific but NOT tumor specific? |
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| Prostate-Specific antigen is sued to monitor ____ ____ |
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| Controls the levels of calcium in the blood and assists the body in absorbing calcium into bones |
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| Hormone produced by cells in the thyroid gland |
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| What is Calcitonin used to help diagnosis? |
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| Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) |
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| ______-_____ _____ has major role in eliminating tumors |
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| CTLs (Cytotoxic T lymphoctes) |
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| Agn-Specific T lymphocytes often found in tumors |
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| In CD8 cells __________-_____ ____ interacts with tumor antigen associated with MHC class 1 molecule |
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| Kills tumor cells, especially cells with reduced MHC class 1 expression |
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| Are natural killer cells associated with antibdoy-dependent cell cytotoxiticy or antibody-independent cell cytotoxicity? |
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| Have Fc receptors & can mediate ADCC |
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| Are macrophages MHC restricted? |
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NO
They are NOT MHC restricted |
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| Macrophages produce ___ ___ ___; |
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| Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) |
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| TNF can kill tumors mainly by inducing _______ in tumor blood vessels |
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| Tumor cells may induce _____ to tumor antigens |
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| Tumor cells may present AGNs in a _____ form to mature lymphocytes |
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| "___ ___ ___" are common in rapidly growing tumors |
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| Tumor cells may produce ______ proteins |
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| What will transforming growth factor-Beta do? |
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| inhibits lymphocytes and macrophages |
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| What does antigen masking do? |
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| Mucoproteins hide cell surface tumor antigens |
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| When tumor cells fail to induce CTLs what happens? |
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| Helper T cells are not activated |
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| lymphokine activated killer cells |
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1. transfer of cultured immune cells that have anti-tumor reactivity into a tumor-bearing host
2. vaccination with tumor cells and tumor antigens
3. expressing costimulators and cytokines in tumor cells
4. treating tumor-bearing patients with cytokines
5. Injection of some bacterial antigens
6. Specific immunologic treatments |
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| What can Monoclonal antibodies do? |
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| Mabs can produce antibodies specific for tumor antigens |
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| What does the immunotoxin do for Mabs? |
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