Term
|
Definition
1) Air driven out of the lungs
2) Phonation created when driven through closed glottis
3) Vocal note amplified and moderated in resonating chanmbers (pharyngeal+oral cavity)
4) Constrictions and closures by tongue and lips further modify note to give what we hear as speech sounds. |
|
|
Term
| How is the vocal note produced in the larynx? |
|
Definition
| Through the approximation of vocal cords. The arytenoid cartilages are brought together by the vocalis and thyroarytenoids muscles. |
|
|
Term
| How do the vocal cords vibrate? |
|
Definition
| Air blown through the constriction causes the vocal cords to open and close due to the rising-falling pressure cycle. |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve innervates the muscles governing the vocal cords? |
|
Definition
| CN X. Recurrent branch and external branch of superior laryngeal nerve. |
|
|
Term
| At what sites are constrictions made to modify the vocal note? |
|
Definition
1) Velum: lowering-raising produces nasal or oral resonance
2) Tongue: extrinsic muscles give the overall platform whilst intrinsic muscles provide finer patterns of approximation
3) Lips: contacts (lip-lip or teeth) and open or closed
4) Mandible: not actively involved but provides platform for the lips and tongue. |
|
|
Term
| How is intensity determined? |
|
Definition
| Subglottal driving pressure x tightness of approximation of vocal cords. |
|
|
Term
| How is frequency determined? |
|
Definition
1) Tension in vocal cords (intrinsic tension)
2) Stretching by cricothyroid muscle
3) Rate of airflow |
|
|
Term
| What studies demonstrate that the vocal tract acts as a concerted whole? |
|
Definition
1) Voice onset time
2) Pertubation studies |
|
|
Term
| What is motor equivalence? |
|
Definition
| There is no relationship between absolute positions and given sounds. |
|
|
Term
| How does the brain send signals to produce given letters? |
|
Definition
| Each sound has a target region with a critical boundary line where the sound becomes different. There can, however, be variation in producting the same sound. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the superior and posterior temporal lobes? |
|
Definition
| They link speech perception to planning. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the parietal lobe? |
|
Definition
| It links sounds to their meanings. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function or the arcuate and uncinate fasciculi? |
|
Definition
| Link anterior to posterior systems. |
|
|
Term
| Which areas are responsible for speech motor control? |
|
Definition
1) Left anterior insula
2) Frontal operculum
3) Left posterior-inferior frontal gyrus. |
|
|
Term
| What conditions concern 'planning'speech? |
|
Definition
1) Apraxia of speech
2) Phonemic paraphasia. |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms are associated with phonemic paraphasia? |
|
Definition
| Difficulty finding words. Neologisms. |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms are associated with apraxia of speech? |
|
Definition
| Difficulty constructing programme for movements to realise strings of sounds. Repeated attempts at sound/word. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Alteration of neuromuscular functioning. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of dysarthria? |
|
Definition
1) Alterations of tone power and coordination
2)Breathy voice
3)Nasal
4) Effect on stress, intonation, rate and length of utterance. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of dysarthrias can you have? |
|
Definition
1) Ataxic (cerebellum)
2) Flaccid (LMN)
3) Spastic (UMN)
4) Hyper/hypokinetic (basal ganglia). |
|
|
