Term
| What are the 5 nuclei that make up the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
1) Caudate
2) Putamen
3) Globus Pallidus
4) Subthalamic
5) Substantia nigra |
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Term
| What are the caudate and putament called together? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the input to the basal ganglia from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the output of the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| To the prefrontal cortex, premotor areas and primary motor cortex. |
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Term
| What is the main role of the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| They are involved in the initiation and strategy of movemnt and in affective and cognitive functions. |
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Term
| What do lesions of the basal ganglia produce? |
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Definition
| Abnormal posture and movements. |
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Term
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Definition
A: Corpus callosum
B: Cerebral cortex
C: Lateral ventricles
D: White matter
E: III ventricle
F: Caudate nucleus
G: Putamen
H: Thalamus
I: Internal capsule
J: Globus pallidus
K: Substantia nigra
L: Subthalamic nucleus |
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Term
| What are the excitatory and inhibitory transmittors? |
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Definition
Inhibitory: GABA
Excitatory: Glutamate |
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Term
| Name the two main pathways of the basal ganglia and their functions. |
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Definition
1) Direct: facilitates movement
2) Indirect: suppresses movement |
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Term
| What is Parkinson's caused by? |
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Definition
| An imbalance involving increased indirect activity (hypokinetic). |
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Term
| What does the dopaminergic pathway do? |
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Definition
| It travels from the substantia nigra to the striatum and excites the direct whilst limiting the indirect pathway. |
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Term
| What are the differences between the basal ganglia and cerebellum? |
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Definition
1) The basal ganglia receives input fro the whole cortex whilst the cerebellum does not.
2) The output from the basal ganglia is more widespread.
3) The basal ganglia does not receive somatosensory informaiton from ascending tracts from the spinal cord and has few connections with the brainstem.
- Overall, the basal ganglia is more involved in complex aspects of motor control (strategic planning) whilst the cerebellum is more concerned with the ongoing control of movement. |
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Term
| What is the disorder and symptoms associated with a lesion in the substantia nigra? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the disorder and symptoms associated with a lesion in the putamen? |
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Definition
1) Athetosis
2) Slow writhing movements paricularly of hands and fingers. |
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Term
| What is the disorder and symptoms associated with a lesion in the caudate nucleus? |
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Definition
1) Chorea
2) Rapid flick like movements of limbs and facial muuscles. |
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Term
| What is the disorder and symptoms associated with a lesion in the subthalamic nucleus? |
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Definition
1) Hemiballismus
2) Violent flailing of proximal limbs. |
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