• Maintain convo have to have skills
• Way ea skill carried out in real time commun varies from lang - lang

• mid 60s contrastive rhetoric = cult affects rhetoric + org of writer
• English Linearity
• Arabic: repetition, over-emphasis, + parallelism
• first idea complete in 2nd part
• Oral features
• "aural style,"- mode solidarity and shared cult beliefs
• Spanish: longer sentences + many coordinating + subordinatine clauses
• Thai:repetition + narrative + fig lang

• learn rhetorical conventions in Eng discourse 
• allow them to experiment with written lang 
• Free writing + Shared/ independent readingn
• should not be delayed

• Dialects= variations w/in a lang that are intelligible to speakers of that lang
• China + Swahili= mutually unintelligible langs sep sys
• Dialect atlas= maps with reg variation in lang
• Isoglosses = lines on map rep boundaries btw dialects, demarcating regions that use particular feats
• Main dialect regions in USA = N, Midland, + S reg

Phonological Variation

+ 

Morphological Feats

+

Syntactic Variation

Based on:

1.) Prestige- = to soc status of speaker of dialect

2.) Ethnicity- Speaker's race

3.) Region- parts of the country in which the dialect is spoken

Dialect perceived by members of society as prestiguous bc it has been defines as such by the community

Standard formal Eng:

formal and inform

Formal: writing and speeches

SUBJ Verb agreement 

Vocab

Inform:

Context it is used in

flexible

subjective

• Teachers are obligated to use standard eng and must choose 1 

Standard Eng

Correct English

Use proper English

only in the classroom

• Teachers should realize they may say that certain dialects are inferior
• Should address soc fxns of dialects

Standard and vernacular

diff social sits

encourage colloquialisms

creative classrooms 

• preserve civil rights
• says that anything other than stand eng is deficient

no standard english 

• prevents students from learning dialects that may benefit them in society for example not teaching with a southern accent and living in the south

• lang awareness instruct = crucial to examine dialect prejudice

• Eng spoken by native speaker
• inner circle: Australia, Britain, Canada, and USA
• Non-native speakers that adopt Eng as a national Lang : Malaysia, Singapore, Jamaica, African nations, and India Outer Circle
• make accuraltion hard to resist 

Has gone through phone, morph, and lexical innovations

Borrowing of words

combo lang

new flavor

1.) Delete first final consonant

2.)Sound substitution

3.) Sentence intonation

4.) Combo of syllable reduction and sound substitution

1.) Omission of auxiliary verbs

2.) Use of different tag questions such as is it or isn't it

3.) extra particles at the end of the word to show solidarity, rapport, or informality

4.) use of words to denote grammatical fxns

Not make fun of or discourage certain speakers with certain dialects

• dont make students replace their home dialect

Ch. 14 

Lang tree

• lang tree traces relationships btw langs
• Eng + German = sister langs share parent lang (germanic)
• Eng + French =cousins
• Indo-european lang