• Grammar is a part of semantics
• Prag=study of how people use lang in a context and why in particular way
• 4 subparts:
• Physical, epistemic, linguistic, and social

Subpart of Pragmatics 1:

Physical 

Subpart 2:

Epistemic

Subpart 3:

Linguistic

Subpart 4:

Social

• 1955 Brit Philosopher John Austin- we use lang to say things and to perform acts= why lang is useful
• ea speech act /event involves Locutionary act- act of doing something
• Use lang to perform fxns: convey info, request info, give orders, give warnings, advise, deny, claim, talk to , like 
• Speech acts that perform their fxns in a         direct + literal manner= direct speech acts
• Situationally appropriate?

Must satisfy the felicity condition assoc w/ the act.

Felicity conds are based on participants beliefs about speaker and listener's state of mind and capacity to carry out act

2.) If speakers and listeners recognize speech act appropriate?

• not direct, what they intend is diff from what is said = indirect speech act
• Also id by the responses they get

• "Logic and Conversation"
• philosopher
• we draw inferences 
• implicatures= contextually dependent
• people in convo agree to cooperate
• Flouting the maxim- people intentionally violate maxims

1.) Be as informative as is req

2.) Don't make more informative than necessary

1.) Say what you believe is true

2.) Make a claim based on sufficient evidence

1.) No vague expressions

2.) No ambiguous expressions

3.) No wordiness

Bc they concern the way we talk and what we expect when we talk

Also messages need to be clear

Use indirect lang

China most powerful insult is words that make one stressed out and lose sleep

Lang is embedded in a cultural context: Soc rules govern lang vary from culture to culture

• In some cultures greetings are meaningless
• Americans conclude by thank you

• Use scenarios, case studies, cultural capsules in reading, writing, and discussions to highlight how speakers use lang in a context + how cult influences that + why it influences the way speak
• Use direct + literal statements often
• Model diff forms of classroom discourse + turn into lessons on lang + cult
• Do not make negative judgement
• Encourage to interact with peers + teachers

Information conveyed nv through faces, bodies, + personal space

• Expressing feelings or meaning without using words

Body mvmts with meaning

• Diff meanings universally
• ok sign in Japan= $
• Crossed fingers in Latin America = insulting 

• "High contact,"- Arab, Latin, + Greek stand closer together than Americans
• "Low-contact," Northern Europe + North America stand further apart
• dist btw = arm's length- 6ft away
• depends on social relationship btw speakers + sit context
• Speaker who violates= confrontational
• minimal eye contact and position themselves not facing each other
• individual personalities + genders = difference too.

• America = respectful, attn
• if they dont they are viewed as dishonest, uninterested, / inattentive
• East Asia, Mex, Lat = disrespect for older + authority
• Child expected to display shame when being reprimanded

• Tolerable/ intolerable
• gender, soc hierarchy, + relationship btw
• AA touch more than Whites
• opp sex more tolerable in America
• In some cult right to touch increases as one moves up in society
• Higher rank may touch subordinate
• Teachers need to learn + employ cross cultural skills build classroom of respect + value for all students