Term
|
Definition
| a physical injury or wound caused by external force or violence. |
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Term
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Definition
| injury caused by an object breaking the skin and entering the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| injury caused by the collision of an object with the body in which the object does not enter the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| serious trauma is considered a surgical disease because proper care is often immediate surgical intervention. |
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Term
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Definition
| a hospital that has the capability of caring for acutely injured patients; trauma centers must meet strict criteria to use this designation. |
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Term
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Definition
| commits resources to address all types of specialty trauma 24/7 |
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Term
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Definition
| commits the resources to address the most common trauma emergencies with surgical capability available 24/7; can stabilize and transport specialty cases to Level I. |
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Term
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Definition
| commits to special emergency dept training and has some surgical capability, but will usually transfer seriously injured trauma patients to a higher-level facility. |
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Term
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Definition
| (remote areas)a small community hospital or medical care facility designed to be a trauma receiving facility, that will stabilize and transport to a higher-level facility. |
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Term
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Definition
| guidelines to aid prehospital personnel in determining which trauma patients require urgent transportation to a trauma center. |
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Term
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Definition
| the processes of forces that cause trauma |
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Term
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Definition
| the anticipation of injury to a body region, organ, or structure based on analysis of the mechanism of injury. |
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Term
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Definition
| the 60-minute period after a severe injury; it is the maximum acceptable time between the injury and initiation of surgery for the seriously injured trauma patient. |
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Term
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Definition
| a data retrieval system for trauma patient information, used to evaluate and improve the trauma system. |
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Term
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Definition
| the branch of physics that deals with motion, taking into consideration mass, velocity, and force. |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of an object to remain at rest or remain in motion unless acted upon by an external force. |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of changing place; movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity to do work in the strict physical sense. |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy an object has while it is in motion. It is related to the object's mass and velocity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of the matter that an object contains; the property of a physical body that gives the body inertia. |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate of motion in a particular direction in relation to time. |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate at which speed or velocity increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| the rate at which speed or velocity decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| the draining of blood to the point at which life cannot be sustained. |
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Term
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Definition
| application of the forces of trauma along the axis of the spine; this often results in compression fractures of the spine. |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of a vehicle designed to absorb the energy of impact. |
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Term
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Definition
| having a slanted position or direction |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent that enhances combustion of a fuel. |
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Term
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Definition
| area of overpressure that radiates outward from an explosion |
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Term
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Definition
| a rapid increase, then decrease, in atmospheric pressure created by an explosion |
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Term
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Definition
| the air movement caused as the heated and pressurized products of an explosion move outward. |
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Term
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Definition
| military weapons and munitions |
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Term
|
Definition
| arrow-shaped projectiles found in some military ordnance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an agent that combusts easily or creates combustion |
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Term
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Definition
| undissolved solid, liquid, or gaseous matter in the bloodstream that may cause blockage or blood vessels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| labored or difficult breathing |
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Term
|
Definition
| expectoration of blood from the respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity between the chest wall and lung. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of projectile motion and its interactions with the gun, the air, and the object it contacts |
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Term
|
Definition
| the path a projectile follows |
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Term
|
Definition
| the forces acting on a projectile in motion to slow its progress |
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Term
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Definition
| the outward motion of tissue due to a projectile's passage, resulting in a temporary cavity and vacuum |
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Term
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Definition
| the size and shape of a projectile as it contacts a target; it is the energy exchange surface of the contact. |
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Term
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Definition
| the diameter of a bullet expressed in hundredths of an inch(.22 caliber=.22 inches); the inside diameter of the barrel of a handgun, shotgun, or rifle. |
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Term
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Definition
| swing or wobble around the axis of a projectile's travel. |
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Term
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Definition
| the connective strength and elasticity of an object or fabric |
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Term
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Definition
| filling of the pericardial sac with fluid, which in turn limits the filling and function of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
| a surgical incision into the cricothyroid membrane, usually to provide an emergency airway. |
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Term
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Definition
| the introduction of a needle or other tube into the cricothyroid membrane, usually to provide an emergency airway. |
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Term
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Definition
| the anticipated outcome of a disease or injury. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal internal or external discharge of blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| the natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| a state of inadequate tissue perfusion |
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Term
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Definition
| the body's three-step response to stop the loss of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| first step in the clotting process in which smooth blood vessel muscle contracts, reducing the vessel lumen and the flow of blood through it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to cluster or come together |
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Term
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Definition
| second step in the clotting process in which platelets adhere to blood vessel walls and to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| the third step in the clotting process, which involves the formation of a protein called fibrin that forms a network around a wound to stop bleeding, ward off infection, and lay a foundation for healing and repair of the wound. |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein fibers that trap red blood cells as part of the clotting process |
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Term
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Definition
| method of hemorrhage control that relies on the application of pressure to the actual site of the bleeding |
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Term
|
Definition
| a constrictor used on an extremity to apply circumferential pressure on all arteries to control bleeding |
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Term
|
Definition
| compound produced from pyruvic acid during anaerobic glycolysis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| able to live without oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fibrous membrane that covers, supports, and separates muscles and may also unite the skin with underlying tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of blood beneath the skin or trapped within a body compartment |
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Term
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Definition
| bleeding from the nose resulting from injury, disease, or environmental factors; a nosebleed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| enlarged and tortuous esophageal veins |
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Term
|
Definition
| black, tarlike feces due to gastrointestinal bleeding |
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Term
|
Definition
| a reduction in the hemoglobin content in the blood to a point below that required to the meet the oxygen requirements of the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone, such as epinephrine or norepinephrine, that strongly affects the nervous and cardiovascular systems, metabolic rate, temperature, and smooth muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| passage of stools containing red blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in blood pressure that occurs when a person moves from a supine or sitting position to an upright position. |
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Term
|
Definition
| drop in the systolic blood pressure of 200mmHg or an increase in the pulse rate of 20 beats/min when a patient is moved from a supine to a sitting prosition; a finding suggestive of a relative hypovolemia. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the total changes that take place in an organism during physiological process |
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Term
|
Definition
| a blockage in the delivery of oxygenated blood to the cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| the pressure of liquids in equilibrium; the pressure exerted by or within liquids. |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of red blood cells that are stuck together |
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Term
|
Definition
| release of accumulated lactic acid, carbon dioxide (carbonic acid), potassium, and rouleaux into the venous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| hemodynamic insult to the body in which the body responds effectively. Signs and symptoms are limited, and the human system functions normally. |
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Term
|
Definition
| continuing hemodynamic insult to the body in which the compensatory mechanisms break down. The signs and symptoms become very pronounced, and the patient moves rapidly toward death. |
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Term
|
Definition
| positive-pressure ventilation supplied to a breathing patient. |
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|
Term
| Pneumatic anti-shock garment (PASG) |
|
Definition
| garment designed to produce uniform pressure on the lower extremities and abdomen; used with shock and hemorrhage patients in some EMS systems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| skin, consisting of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers. |
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Term
|
Definition
| closed wound in which the skin is unbroken, although damage has occurred to the tissue immediately beneath. |
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Term
|
Definition
| general reddening of the skin due to dilation of the superficial capillaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| blue-black discoloration of the skin due to leakage of blood into the tissues. |
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Term
|
Definition
| collection of blood beneath the skin or trapped within a body compartment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mechanism of injury in which tissue is locally compressed by high pressure forces. |
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Term
|
Definition
| systemic disorder of severe metabolic disturbances resulting from the crush of a limb or other body part. |
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Term
|
Definition
| scraping or abrading away of the superficial layers of the skin; an open soft-tissue injury |
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Term
|
Definition
| an open wound, normally a tear with jagged borders |
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Term
|
Definition
| natural patterns in the surface of the skin revealing tensions within |
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Term
|
Definition
| very smooth or surgical laceration, frequently caused by a knife, scalpel, razor blade, or piece of glass |
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Term
|
Definition
| specific soft-tissue injury involving a deep, narrow wound to the skin and underlying organs that carries an increased danger of infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| foreign body embedded in a wound |
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Term
|
Definition
| forceful tearing away of separation of body tissue; an avulsion may be partial or complete |
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Term
|
Definition
| avulsion in which the mechanism of injury tears the skin off the underlying muscle, tissue, blood vessels, and bone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| severance, removal, or detachment, either partial or complete, of a body part. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the body's natural ability to stop bleeding; the ability to clot blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| complex process of local cellular and biochemical changes as a consequence of injury or infection; an early stage of healing |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals released by white blood cells that attract more white blood cells to an area of inflammation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| white blood cells charged with the primary purpose of neutralizing foreign bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
| immune system cell that has the ability to recognize and ingest foreign pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
| process in which a cell surrounds and absorbs a bacterium or other particle |
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Term
|
Definition
| early stage of wound healing in which epithelial cells migrate over the surface of the wound |
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Term
|
Definition
| new growth of capillaries in response to healing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| tough, strong protein that comprises most of the body's connective tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized cells that form collagen |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the lymph channels, usually as a result of a distal infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| deep space infection usually caused by the anaerobic bacterium Clostridium perfringens |
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Term
|
Definition
| gas-producing bacteria located deep within a wound causing subcutaneous emphysema and a foul smell whenever gas escapes |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cellular component of blood, similar to plasma |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle ischemia that is caused by rising pressures within a anatomical fascial space |
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Term
|
Definition
| a formation resulting from overproduction of scar tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
| tissue death, usually from ischemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| acute pathologic process that involves the destruction of skeletal muscle |
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|
Term
| Life-threatening problems, such as internal bleeding and shock, may only occur with: |
|
Definition
| subtle signs and symptomes |
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Term
| When assessing a trauma patient, you should: |
|
Definition
| look beyond obvious injuries for evidence that suggests a life-threatening condition. |
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Term
| Serious trauma is considered: |
|
Definition
| a surgical disease; its proper care is immediate surgical intervention to repair internal hemorrhage sites. |
|
|
Term
| The modern trauma system includes how many levels of trauma centers? |
|
Definition
| 3; Level I, Level II, and Level III, with one being the highest level of care available. |
|
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Term
| What should the the mechanism of injury be considered during a scene size up? |
|
Definition
| It should be the first step of the focused history and physical exam for trauma patients |
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Term
| What should you do if you suspect that the patient has sustained serious internal injury? |
|
Definition
| Rapidly move to enter him/her into the trauma system. |
|
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Term
| How long should the primary assessment, emergency stabilization, patient packaging, and initiation of transport ideally take? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In trauma triage criteria, it is best to: |
|
Definition
| Err on the side of precaution and "over-triage" patients. |
|
|
Term
| Why is blunt trauma sometimes deceptive? |
|
Definition
| The true nature of the injury is often hidden and evidence of the serious injury is very subtle or even absent. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of injury, disability, and trauma-related death? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the kinetic energy formula? |
|
Definition
Kinetic energy= (Mass/Weight X Velocity/Speed^2) divided by 2.
*Velocity is squared* |
|
|
Term
| What is the force formula? |
|
Definition
| Force= (Mass/Weight X Acceleration/Deceleration) |
|
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Term
| What are the two trauma categories? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the events of a vehicle collision? |
|
Definition
*Vehicle collision
*Body collision
*Organ collision
*Secondary collisions
*Additional impacts |
|
|
Term
| What is important about secondary collisions? |
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Definition
| They may increase the severity of a patients initial injuries or create new ones. |
|
|
Term
| What are the percentages of types/incidents of car collisions? |
|
Definition
*Rotational-38%
*Lateral-15%
*Rollover-6%
*Rear end-9%
*Frontal-32% |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of vehicle impacts? |
|
Definition
| Rotational, Frontal, Lateral, Rear-end, and Rollover |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of vehicle collision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of injury associated with frontal impacts? |
|
Definition
*Up-and-over pathway
*Down-and-under pathway
*Ejection |
|
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Term
| What mechanism of injury accounts of over half of the deaths in MVAs? |
|
Definition
| Up-and-Over pathways from frontal impacts |
|
|
Term
| What are the injuries from the "up and over" pathway in a frontal impact? |
|
Definition
| Bilateral femur fractures, hollow organ rupture, liver laceration, diaphragm rupture, lower chest injuries from hitting steering wheel, skull fractures/head injury, neck injury, and possible ejection. |
|
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Term
| What are the injuries from the "down and under" pathway in a frontal impact? |
|
Definition
| Knee/hip/femur fractures are common, chest injuries (flail chest, tracheal injury, myocardial contusion, aortic tear)"paper bag syndrome", pulmonary contusion, and pneumothorax. |
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|
Term
| What is "paper bag syndrome"? |
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Definition
| It happens when the driver takes a deep breath in anticipation of the collision, and then lung tissue ruptures when the chest hits the steering wheel; like when a inflated paper bag is popped between two hands. |
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|
Term
| Where does the "crumple zone" provide the most protection? |
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Definition
| It provides significant protection with frontal and rear end impacts, but much less in cases of lateral impacts. |
|
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Term
| What is the difference between cars with limited crumple zones to cars built with better crumple zones? |
|
Definition
| The vehicle with the appearance of less damage (and less crumple zones) may indicate more trauma to the patient, than the patient in the vehicle with more obvious crumpling. |
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Term
| Why should you have a higher index of suspicion in lateral impacts? |
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Definition
| The degree of injury may be greater than the damage alone would indicate. |
|
|
Term
| What are the possible injuries sustained from a lateral impact? |
|
Definition
| Lateral impact to the head, lateral bending of the neck, twisting of the heart and the aorta, and humerous, clavicular, pelvic, and femur fractures. |
|
|
Term
| What is a component of the most serious collisions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What accounts for 85% of deaths from MVAs? |
|
Definition
| Head and body cavity traumas. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of motorcycle impacts? |
|
Definition
| Frontal, angular, sliding, and ejection. |
|
|
Term
| Motorcycle helmets reduce the incidence and severity of head injuries, but not: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between adults and children in "pedestrian-vs-vehicle" accidents? |
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Definition
| Adults turn away, whereas children turn towards the vehicle before impact. Adults are thrown on top of the hood usually, while children are knocked down to the ground. |
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|
Term
| How does being underwater affect a detonation? |
|
Definition
| It increases the lethal range by 3. |
|
|
Term
| What are the most lethal explosions? |
|
Definition
| The most lethal explosions are those causing structural collapses followed by those in confined spaces. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three blast injury phases? |
|
Definition
*Primary-caused by heat of explosion and overpressure wave
*Secondary-caused by blast projectiles
*Tertiary-caused by personnel displacement and structural collapse. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a highly incendiary, jellylike substance that clings to people or structures when spread in a blast. Can cause severe to full-thickness burns. |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common and serious trauma injuries experienced from an explosion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you do to help a blast injury patient with severe dyspnea? |
|
Definition
| Provide careful positive-pressure ventilations. |
|
|
Term
| Body armor protects against _______, but impact may still result in ________. |
|
Definition
| Penetration/blunt injury. |
|
|
Term
| What are the factors affecting energy exchange between a projectile and body tissue? |
|
Definition
*Velocity
*Profile
*Stability
*Expansion/Fragmentation
*Secondary impacts
*Shape |
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|
Term
| What are the factors associated with damage pathway of a projectile wound? |
|
Definition
*Direct injury
*Pressure shock wave
*Cavitation
*Temporary cavity
*Permanent cavity
*Zone of injury |
|
|
Term
| What should be noted with exit wounds? |
|
Definition
| Exit wounds often have "blown outward" appearances, with stellate tears. |
|
|
Term
| Why should you not document the entrance/exit wounds of a trauma in your report? |
|
Definition
| Because an erroneous identification may confound the crime investigation. |
|
|
Term
| What is a sign of a developing tension pneumothorax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What impaled objects should you remove? |
|
Definition
| Objects lodged in the cheek, interfere with the airway, or prevent CPR. |
|
|
Term
| What are the types of hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
*Capillary
*Venous
*Arterial |
|
|
Term
| What are the phases of the clotting process? |
|
Definition
*Vascular phase
*Platelet phase
*Coagulation |
|
|
Term
| How do you control a nose bleed? |
|
Definition
1)Have the pt sit leaning forward
2)Pinch the fleshy part of the pt's nostrils firmly together. |
|
|
Term
| What are the s/s of Stage I blood loss, and the amount of blood lost in this category? |
|
Definition
| 15% or 500-750ml. Pt will present with vasoconstriction, elevated pulse rate, and with pulse pressure, BP, resp rate and urine output remaining constant. |
|
|
Term
| What are the s/s of Stage II blood loss, and the amount of blood lost in this category? |
|
Definition
| 15-25% or 750-1250mL. Pt. presents with thirst, anxiety, restlessness, cool, clammy skin, and increased resp rate. |
|
|
Term
| What are the s/s of Stage III blood loss, and the amount of blood lost in this category? |
|
Definition
| 25-35% or 1250-1750mL. Pt presents with air hunger, dyspnea, severe thirst, anxiety, restlessness; survival unlikely without rapid intervention. |
|
|
Term
| What are the s/s of Stage IV blood loss, and the amount of blood lost in this category? |
|
Definition
| >35%. Pt. presents with pulse barely palpable, resp. ineffective, pt. lethargic, confused, moving towards unresponsiveness; survival unlikely. |
|
|
Term
| What are hemorrhage complications with the elderly? |
|
Definition
| Blood loss can be masked by medications, bodily changes, reduced perception of pain, and the effects of disease. |
|
|
Term
| What are injuries that cause significant blood loss? |
|
Definition
*Fractured pelvis-2000mL
*Fractured femur-1500mL
*Fractures tibia/humerous-750mL |
|
|
Term
| What are the early signs of internal hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| Pain, tenderness, swelling, or discoloration of injury site; bleeding from mouth/vagina/rectum; vomiting bright red blood; tender, rigid, distended abdomen. |
|
|
Term
| What are the late signs of internal hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
| Anxiety, restlessness, combativeness, ALOC, weakness, faintness, dizziness, vomiting dark "coffee grounds" blood, thirst, melena, shallow/rapid breathing, rapid/weak pulse, pale/cool/clammy skin, cap refill >2 sec, dropping BP, dilated pupils, and nausea/vomiting. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of dressing do you use for a neck injury? |
|
Definition
| Occulsive, held firmly in place. |
|
|
Term
| S/S of compensated shock: |
|
Definition
| Pulse rate increases, pulse strength decreases, skin becomes cool/clammy, Pt feels progressing anxiety/restlessness/combativeness, and experiences thirst, weakness, and air hunger. |
|
|
Term
| S/S of decompensated shock: |
|
Definition
| Pulse becomes unpalpable,BP drops precipitously, pt becomes unconscious, and resps slow or cease. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most practical choice for prehospital fluid resuscitation? |
|
Definition
| An isotonic crystalloid, like lactated Ringer's or normal saline. But LR is preferred. |
|
|
Term
| What are contraindication to the PASG? |
|
Definition
| Penetrating chest trauma, pulmonary edema, and cardiogenic shock. Use caution with pts who are pregnant or how have objects impaled in the abdomen. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of trauma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of healing? |
|
Definition
*Hemostasis
*Inflammation
*Epithelialization
*Neovascularization
*Collagen synthesis |
|
|
Term
| What are the three objectives to bandaging? |
|
Definition
| Control hemorrhage, keep the wound clean, and immobilize the wound site. |
|
|
Term
| How long to you hold pressure on a hemorrhage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the leading killer of persons under the age of 44? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the number four killer in the United States? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trauma accounts for how many deaths/year? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How was today's EMS system developed? |
|
Definition
| The Highway Safety Act of 1966. |
|
|
Term
| What established guidelines, funding, and state-level leadership in EMS/trauma systems? |
|
Definition
| The Trauma Care Systems Planning and Development Act of 1990. |
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|
