Term
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Definition
| the synthesis of a single-stranded RNA copy of a segment of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| encodes the AA sequence of a poly peptide, are transcripts of protein-coding genes, structural genes, least abundant Only this is translated to produce a protein molecule, the synthesis of this is what determines the fate of the cell and how each cell will respond to its environment |
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Definition
| with ribosomal proteins, makes up the ribosomes, the structured on which mRNA is translated to produce a polypeptide, most abundant in both pro and euk, there are multiple copies of this genes in the genome |
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Definition
| brings AAs to ribosomes during TL, 2nd abundant, the CCA end of the molecule to which the AA attaches is at the upper right, and the anticodon loop is at the bottom, the “charges” form of the tRNA is an animoacyl-bonded AA, specific for each of these and AA, Holley determined the complete nucleotide sequence of this for “cracking the code” co-linearity between genes and AAs elucidated, |
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Definition
| with proteins, forms complexes that are used in euk. RNA processing, 3rd abundant |
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Term
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Definition
| the enzyme that catalyzed the process of TS, all are multiprotein complexes |
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Definition
| determine the start site of TS, determine which strand is transcribed, determine the efficiency with which a gene is transcribed |
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Definition
| the sequence found most frequently at each position |
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Term
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Definition
| complete enzyme binds to promoter for TS to begin, 2 alpha, 1 beta, 1 beta’, and sigma factor |
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Term
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Definition
| has RNA-binding and ATPase domains, binds to the terminator sequence on the RNA as it exits the RNA pol, binds to specific sites on RNAs called rut, and utilizes ATP to release the transcript from the DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| located exclusively in the nucleous, catalyzes the synthesis of 3 of the RNAs found in ribosomes, 28S, 18S, 5.8S rRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| found only in the nucleoplasm of the nucleus, synthesizes mRNAs and some snRNAs |
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Term
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Definition
| found only in the nucleoplasm, synthesizes the tRNAs, which bring AAs to the ribosome, 5S, a small rRNA molecule found in each ribosome, and the snRNAs not made by RNA pol II |
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Term
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Definition
| is the set of cis-acting sequence elements needed for the TS machinery to staty RNA synthesis at the correct site, a short sequence element called Inr which spans the TS initiation start site, and the TATA box located ay about position -30 has 7 nucleotide consensus sequence TATAAAA |
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Term
| Promoter proximal elements |
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Definition
| CAAT box at about -75, GC box GGGCGG at -90 |
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Term
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Definition
| transcription regulatory proteins which determine the efficiency of TS initiation |
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Term
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Definition
| sequences that are required for the maximal TS of a gene, function either upstream or downstream from the TS initiation site but commonly they are upstream of the gene they control |
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Term
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Definition
| involves the posts insertion or deletion of nucleotides or the conversion of one base to another, as a result the functional RNA molecule has a base sequence that does not match the DNA coding sequence, information not form DNA |
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Term
| Nontranscribed spacer sequence NTS |
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Definition
| between each rDNA repeat unit which is not transcribed, the promoter is located in the NTS |
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Term
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Definition
| a purine either adenine or guanine is removed from the DNA a random base is selected and could lead to a mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| bases have a tendency to lose their amino groups and causes a mismatch in base pairs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes mutations because the purine and pyrimadine bases in DNA absorb light in the UV radiation. Creates abnormal chemical bonds between adjacent pyrimadine molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternate Chemical forms in which DNA and RNA bases are able to exist |
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Term
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Definition
| Insert themselves between adjacent bases in one or both strands interferring with DNA. Cause frame shift mutations by addition and deletion. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mutation that alters a codon to that of another amino acid that causes an altered translation product. Transition or Transversion. |
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Term
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Definition
| a purine replaces a purine and a pyrimidine replaces a pyrimidine |
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Term
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Definition
| Goal is to alter a gene sufficently to render it unfunctional (null allelle). |
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Term
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Definition
| insertion process involves the replacement of a comparable gene from the organism that it originates from |
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Term
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Definition
DNA sequene inserted into small genome (such as plasmid).
allowed to multiply in/with host cell (aka gene cloning) |
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Term
| what are the three main sources of DNA for cloning? |
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Definition
1. genomic DNA (from normal DNA, includes introns)
2. artificially synthesized DNA (up to 100 nucleotides)}
3. Complementary DNA (from mRNA) |
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Term
| what are 3 ways that recombinant DNA can enter host cells? |
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Definition
1. transformation
2. transduction (via phage holding bacterial DNA)<3> phage infection (using phage DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| )Removes Primers 2)Fills gaps left behind when primers are removed 3)Acts as an exonuclease and proofreads from 3' to 5" |
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Term
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Definition
| In nucleic acids, a short length of RNA or single stranded DNA that is necessary for the functioning of polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that breaks down the bonds on nucleic acid molecules |
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Term
| Initiation(Transcription) |
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Definition
| the binding of RNA polymerase to a promoter site is the first step of gene transcription |
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Term
| Elongation (Transcription) |
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Definition
| Starts with energy source(ATP and GTP). |
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Term
| Termination (Transcription) |
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Definition
| stop sequences cause the formation of phosphodiester bonds to cease, the RNA-DNA hybrid within bubble to disassociate, RNA polymerase to release DNA, and the DNA within the bubble to rewind |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes RNA polymerase to come off of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Starts with the initiation codon on mRNA (AUG) |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA, small ribosomal subunit, and tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| allows another amino-acid bearing tRNA molecule to attach, amino acids bind and the empty tRNA is moved to exit site and leaves |
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Term
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Definition
| a nonsence codon attaches (UAA, UGA, UAG) and stops elongation |
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Term
| explain how the lactose operon is turned on/off |
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Definition
| normal function produces a repressor protein that blocks ribosome from transcribing lactase genes. when lactose is present, it binds to the repressor protein, releasing it from the DNA and allowing transcription |
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Term
| what is the name for DNA segments between genes? what do they consist of? |
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Definition
intergeneic space
repetitive dna and
mobile genetic units |
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Term
match the following 5' ends of an anticodon w/possible mRNA complements.
G, U, I, A, C, |
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Definition
G - C/U
U - A/G
I - U/C/A
A - U
C - G |
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Term
| an anticodon is found on a |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| what provides the energy for the forming of the initiation complex |
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Term
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Definition
| what does the repressor protein bind to to stop transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| not usually transcribed and must be activated by inducers |
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Term
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Definition
| are transcribed continually until deactivated by repressors |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of operon is the lac operon |
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Term
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Definition
| inactivating the repressor allows for |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of operon is trypophan operon |
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Term
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Definition
| whenever tryptophan is not present the trp operon is |
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Term
| when tryptophan is present it activates |
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Definition
| the repressor, halting the production of tryptophan |
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Term
| what are the two type of substitution |
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Definition
| transition (purine for a purine or pyramadine for a pyrammadine), and transversion (purine for pyramadine or vis versa) |
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Term
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Definition
| substitution does not change the amino acid sequence because of the redundancy of the genetic code |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the nucleotide sequence resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in the nucleotide sequence that changes a amino acid sequence into a stop codon |
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Term
| repressor binds to the operator |
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Definition
| In the "inducible operon," transcription is blocked when the |
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Term
| polymerase binds to the promoter |
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Definition
| In the "inducible operon," transcription occurs when the |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic of the zygote and stem cells, is the ability to develop into any specialized cell type. |
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Term
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Definition
The developmental trajectory of an undifferentiated stem cell - its fate - is established genetically in a process called
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Term
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Definition
Foreign elements in the body that elicit an immune response are _________, while the molecules manufactured to neutralize those elements are
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Term
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Definition
| ______________ refers to the process by which elements of different immunoglobulin genes rearrange to provide a diversity of transcripts (and thus the diversity of antibodies). |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| need a lot of lactose to turn on gene |
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Definition
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Definition
| trans dominance, repressor |
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