Term
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Definition
| A transcriptional repressor protein, acting in craniofacial development and odontogenesis found in the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypodontia, Wolf-Hirschone Syndrome, Witkop syndrome, cleft lip |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal dominant disease where 6 or less teeth are missing |
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Term
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Definition
| Mental retardation, heart defects, facial clefting |
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Term
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Definition
| hypodontia with abnormal nail growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene transcription factor essential for development of organs and skeletal elements |
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Definition
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Definition
| 6 or more teeth are not generated |
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Term
| How is RNA similar to DNA |
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Definition
Contains negative charged Phosphodiester bonds making the backbone
-Contains A,G, and C bases |
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Term
| How is RNA different from DNA |
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Definition
-Sugar is D-ribose not deoxyribose
-Uracil instead of thymine
-generally single stranded instead of double |
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Term
| Characteristics of Secondary structure:Helical regions of RNA |
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Definition
-Base Stacking
-Base pairing
-11 nucleotides per turn |
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Term
| Tertiary Structure of RNA |
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Definition
Base triplet interactions
tetraloops |
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Term
| Intramolecular Base pairing and stacking causes what to form in RNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Base Stacking in RNA causes what to form |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Base pair is the weakest in the Stem-loop structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| tRNAs form what structure? |
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Definition
| a Cloverleaf form because of base pairing and base stacking |
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Term
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Definition
| When the orientation of nucleotides is close enough 3 bases can form a triplet which stabilizes the conformation even further |
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Term
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Definition
| Complex tertiary structure that stabilizes hairpin loops by stacking of the Loop bases, Hbonding between bases, sugar phosphates, and ribose residues. |
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Term
| How is an L-shaped tRNA conformation formed? |
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Definition
| Additional base pairing and stacking of stem loops of the cloverleaf structure. |
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Term
| Most abundant type of RNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Complex consisting of proteins and rRNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Catalytic component of ribosome |
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Definition
| Protein synthesis apparatus |
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Term
| Least Stable and Least abundant type of RNA |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of RNA with a 5'-cap and poly(A) tail that is used as a template for protein synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| functions in splicing heterogenous nuclear RNA to mRNA |
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Term
| scRNA(small cytoplasmic RNA) |
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Definition
| part of signal recognition particle which recognizes leader protein sequences & transports protein from ER to Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
| non-coding, 21 nucleotides, binds to complementray mRNA to inhibit translation |
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Term
| siRNA(small inhibiting RNA) |
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Definition
| bind to mRNA to facilitate degradation |
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Term
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Definition
| Component of enzyme complex that maintains telomeres during DNA replication |
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Term
| Differences b/w DNA replication and RNA transcription |
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Definition
-uses RNA polymerase
-No primer Needed
-Fully conserved template
-Low Fidelity(more mistakes)
-More Initiation sites
-Slower |
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Term
| transcribed strand of RNA is simliar to what other strand of DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| How is gene expression mainly regulated in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| At the transcription leve |
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Term
| RNA polymerase Holoenzyme consists of what subunits? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the RNA polymerase Holoenzyme is formed, what can be said is going on with transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| The RNA polymerase Core Enzyme consists of what subunits? |
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Definition
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Term
| If the RNA polymerase Core enzyme is involved in transcription , what can be said is going on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does initation consist of a holoenzyme and elongation a core enzyme of RNA polymerase |
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Definition
| Because the σ subunit falls off post initation during elongation |
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Term
| What metal cations are needed for transcription to occur |
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Definition
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Term
| Role of σ subunit in RNA polymerase |
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Definition
| Recognizes promoter and initiates synthesis |
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Term
| role of α subunit in RNA polymerase |
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Definition
| Bind regulatory sequences |
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Term
| Role of β subunit in RNA polymerase |
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Definition
| forms phosphodiester bonds |
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Term
| Role of β' subunit in RNA polymerase |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| RNA polymerase recognizes SPECIFIC DNA sequences and begins phosphodiester bond formation between 2 NTP molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually 2, sequences upstream from RNA transcriptiosn start site that the RNA polymerase binds to to begin transcription |
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Term
| 2 most commone Promoter consensus sequences at -10 and -35 bases upstream from RNA transcripttion strat stie |
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Definition
TTGACA(-35)
TATAAT(prinbow box) |
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Term
| what constitutes a weak promoter sequence? |
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Definition
| Substititutions at the consensus sequences and a difference in the amoount of BP(17) in between the consensus's |
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Term
| RNA transcription Initiation Steps |
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Definition
-Holoenzyme binds promoter forming closed complext
-Holoenzyme unwinds 17 BP section of DNA(open complex)
-First few nucleotides added(starts with A or G)
-sigma subunit dissociates from RNA polymerase |
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Term
| What strand determines the Correct NTP for RNA synthesis by forming a Watson-Crick Base pair bond with it |
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Definition
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Term
| What direction is an RNA chain formed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Helix formed by adding a NTP to the growing chain of RNA by watson-crick Base pairing with the template strand. a 12 BP hybrid helix is maintained throughout the elongation |
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Term
| when does elongation begin? |
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Definition
| After first few phosphodiester bonds formed on RNA chain |
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Term
| loss of the σ subunit indicates what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which binds more strongly to DNA, Core or Holo enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is Lower transcription fidelity(mistakes) tolerated? |
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Definition
| because RNA is not transmitted to daughter generations. |
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Term
| How are the split DNA strands able to re-wind after transcription? |
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Definition
| Because the DNA exits the RNA pol at a different site htan the newly transcribed chain allowing it to reanneal with itself and dissociate the RNA/DNA hybrid helix |
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Term
| Rho-independent Termination |
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Definition
| When the Newly synthesized strand of RNAs form a GC rich stem loop followed by a sequence of U residues. The stem loop creates stress on the DNA/RNA hybrid and breaks the weak rU-dA bonds removing it from the RNA pol active site halting transcription of the New RNA strand. |
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Term
| Rho-dependent Termination |
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Definition
| Rho protein moves toward RNA-polymerase complex along the newly formed RNA in an ATP dependent process and when it reaches the polymerase it causeses adestablization that makes the complex dissociate from the DNA template strand. |
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Term
| What types of RNA undergo PTMs? which do not undergo PTMs? |
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Definition
| tRNA, rRNA undergo extensive PTMs, whilst mRNA does not. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of PTMs?(post transcriptionaly mosdifications?) |
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Definition
| cleavage, addition, ribose/base alterations |
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Term
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Definition
| excises introns from a large transcript that contains 16s,23s,and 5s rRNA bye cleaving at double helical hairpin regions@specific sites |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes add nucleotides to RNA terminal ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use ATP and CTP to incorporate CCA to 3' end of tRNA(which is required for all tRNA) |
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Term
| examples of ribose/base alterations |
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Definition
| methylation....isomerization |
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Term
| two transcription inhibitors |
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Definition
| Rifampicin and Actinomycin D |
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Term
| Rifampicin D inhibits transcription bye... |
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Definition
| blocking the formation of the first phosophodiester bond during initiation. |
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Term
| what inhibitor is used for mycobacterium tuberculosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryotes use how many RNA polymerases to make their RNAs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to DNA and blocks elongation of RNA by RNA polymerase by binding the initiation site. |
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