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Transcription-Eukaryotes
Dr. connors
40
Biochemistry
Graduate
12/14/2010

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Cards

Term
RNA polymerase 1 trascribes...
Definition
rRNA
Term
RNA polymerase II transcribes
Definition
mRNA
Term
RNA polymerase 3 transcribes
Definition
tRNA and other small RNAs
Term
What binds DNA at promoter sites rather than RNA polymerase in Eukaryotic Transcription
Definition
Transcription Factors
Term
Role of Transcription factors during transcription
Definition
To recruit RNA polymerase to the promoter regions of DNA
Term
p53
Definition
Human tumor suppressor protein functioning inhibiting transcription  of some genes and activating others. also  promotes transcription of genes involved in DNA repair.
Term
How does p53 inhibit transcription?
Definition
by binding to the complex formed between Transcription factors and DNA
Term
Half of all human cancers are linked to mutations in this gene
Definition
p53 gene
Term
What are 4 common promoter elements found in Eukaryotes?
Definition

-CAAT box

-TATA box

-Flanking GC rich regions

Term
in relation to the TATA box, where would the CAAT box be located?
Definition
At varying positions upstream of the TATA box
Term
where is the TATA box located?
Definition
25BP upstream of the transcription start site
Term
Enhancers
Definition
sequences on DNA that increase gene expression many fold but have no promoter activity
Term
What can exert stimulatory action over distances of 1000BP away and can be present on either DNA strand?
Definition
An Enhancer
Term
Enhancers can be located upstream, downstream, OR in the transcribed gene (T or F)
Definition
True
Term
Transcription Factors that bind enhancer regions are called?
Definition
Activators
Term
what two domains do Activators(Enhancer binding TFs) have?
Definition
DNA binding @enhancer and RNA pol binding
Term
Multiple Transcription Factors are necessary for what?
Definition
Initiation of Transcription
Term
Initiation Mechanism of Transcription in Eukaryotes
Definition

-Assembly of TFIIA,B,D,E,F AND H

-TFII opens DNA and phosphorylates CTD allowing RNA pol II to leave promoter and begin transcription

Term
All Eukaryotic RNA transcripts are extensively processed. (T or F)
Definition
TRUE
Term

What other modifications, different than prokaryotes, occur in eukaryotes

-(prokaryotic mods that occur in eukaryotic cells include:cleavage addition, ribose/base alteration)

Definition

5'capping

3'polyA tail

editing

splicing

Term
Cleavage modifications of RNA
Definition
Separate a larger RNA transcript into its smaller funcitonal units
Term
RNA polymerase III uses what kind of promoter?
Definition
Intragenic promoters A&C which are downstream from transcription start site
Term
what subunit is the TATA-Binding protein part of?
Definition
D-subunit of TFII
Term
What is considered the Heart of the TFII
Definition
TATA binding complex
Term
What kind of modification do tRNAs commonly g tgriyg
Definition

-cleavage of the leader sequence cand 3' end

-addition of CAA group to 3' end

-Intron excising and splicing to form anticodon

 

Term
5'Capping
Definition

when a 7methylguanylate residue is added onto the end of an mRNA transcript

 

Term
Purpose of 5'capping
Definition

-Gives mRNA increased stability

-Protects the transcript from nucleases and phosophatastes

-helps recognition from cap binding proteins in volved in translation

 

Term
secondary caps
Definition
methylated riboses close to 5' ends
Term
3' Poly A tail
Definition
Poly A tail added to 3' end of mRNA transcript to protect from nucleases and increase translational performace
Term
Editing of Transcript
Definition
process where bases in transcript are altered post transcription.
Term
example of Editing: APOB-100/48
Definition
unedited mRNA is transcribed with a CAA codon. if the transcript is in the small intestine a deaminase changes the CAA codon to UAA which is a stop signal for translation. This creates the shorter APO B_48 rather than the large apo B100
Term
Splicing of a transcript
Definition
Post 5'capping and 3'poly A tail, non-coding introns form lariats through a spliceosome that then cuts out the sequences and reanneals the exons together to make a functional transcript
Term
β-Thalassemia
Definition

Mutations in the β-globin gene affecting the synthesis of β-globin mRNA, or mutations in the splice sites of introns

-those who have this mutation present with anemia

 

Term
spliceosome
Definition
complex of snURPs that recognize and base pair with the intron/exon junctions to excise and splice the pre-mRNA to make a functional transcript
Term
snRNPs involved in the Spliceosome complex
Definition
U1,2,4,5,6
Term
How does the Toxin amanitin work?
Definition
low doses of the toxin inhibit mRNA. Higher doses of the toxin will inhibit tRNA in addition to mRNA
Term
What is the major theme of Eukaryotic transcription regulation?
Definition
Activator and repressor proteins recognize specific DNA sequences inhibiting it.
Term
Chromatin Remodeling
Definition
Clearing of Nucleosomes(DNA-Histone Complexes)  in order for intiation to occur
Term
Fragile X-syndrome
Definition
Inactivation of FMR1 gene found on X-chromosome that occurs due to expansion of CGG repeat sequences which induce DNA methylation, leading to FMR1 mRNA not being transcribed. The low levels of this protein cause mental retardation.
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