Term
[K+]outside
[K+]inside
[Na+]outside
[Na+]inside
[Ca2+]outside
[Ca2+]inside
[Cl-]outside
[Cl-]inside |
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Definition
=5mM
=140mM
=120mMx
=20mM
=100nM-200nM
=125mM
=9mM |
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Term
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Definition
| PSI n(nernst potential) of a given Ion (X+)= [(R *T)/(z*F)] * ln ([X+])outside/[X+] inside) |
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Term
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Definition
Saxitoxin
Brevetoxin
Propofol (anasthetic)
Lidocane (dentist)
Tetrodotoxin |
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Term
K+ Nernst potential
Na+ potential
Ca2+ potential
Cl- potential |
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Definition
=-89mV
=+48mV
=+124mV
=-71mV |
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Term
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Definition
=gas constant: 8.3143j/k/mol
=temp in K
z=valence state
farrady constant: 96,485 coloumbs/mol |
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Term
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Definition
| GABA A receptor to open Cl- channel driving to inhibit AP |
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Term
| Na+ channel inactivation blockage |
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Definition
Gryanotoxin (rododendron=Sherlock Holmes)
Banana Spider
Scorpion Venom |
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Term
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Definition
Primary Transporter
uses 70% of the bodies energy
Moves 2 Na out for 3 K in
is a primary transporter coupled to ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Blocks cardiac Na/K ATPase entirely
inhibits cardiac myocytes' ATPase |
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Term
| 2ndary Na transport system |
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Definition
2Na/Ca
makes myocytes more contractile than normal |
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Term
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Definition
Prevents vesicles from fusing with membrane-preventing ACH release
Leads to rapid heart AP in heart
Black Mamba poison
Tarantula Poison |
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Term
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Definition
AP plateau-prolongs AP
Channels close after 200ms-responsible for the +ve Inotropy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Killed Heath Ledger
Ambien
Works on Gaba A receptors |
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Term
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Definition
inhibition of AP-
-ve charge brought in by Cl-, negates the Na+ +ve charge. |
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Term
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Definition
between A1 and G2 subunit on the Cl- ionotropic channel
brings down AP's, spasms,
is an anxiolytic, anti-depressant |
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Term
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Definition
Rattlesnake Toxin-prevents vesicle fusion
Botox: prevent fusion
Curare
Cobra- ACH antagonist receptor blocker
Succinylcholine: ACH antagonist
Pancuronium |
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Term
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Definition
| a-Latrotoxin (B.widow spider):quicker vesicle fusion |
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Term
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Definition
Epibatidine: poison dart frog
Nicotine
Muscarine |
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Term
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Definition
Green mamba:agonist
Organophosphates
Carbamines
Nerve gas
Sarin Gas |
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Term
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Definition
| works on DA release-speeds up release and inhibits breakdown/reuptake |
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Term
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Definition
similar to tyrosine and DA
creates quicker release of NTRAnsmitters
Serotonin =Ve feedback through input of amines
similar to NE symptoms
Family of amphetamines |
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Term
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Definition
| DA feel good-same for chocolate reward |
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Term
Myristicin
COLD FX-ginseng
Resveratrol
Catechins
Liquorice |
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Definition
MAO inhibiter-not an AMINE
Rise in BPress
Serotonin syndrome=too much SE can increase diastole to ~120mmHg from 80mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
TYRAMINE-similar to DA
Can require ER trips if on MAO's as well |
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Term
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Definition
Nitric Oxide: rapid blood vessel dilation
Nitroglycerin-large dose needed
Nitroprusside
VIAGRA
Niacin & arginine
ICARRIN-epimedium-HORNY GOAT WEED: used to lower blood pressure, produces NO, and raises CGMP |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits GABA & glycine= tetanic spasm |
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Term
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Definition
| Stychnene=excitatory tetanic spasm |
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Term
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Definition
| died via Step. Viridians from heart valve infection via Hemolysin production which oxide hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
Superantigens: B-barrel proteins creating superpermeable membranes
CAuses EXPLOSIVE WBC multiplication= necritizing faciitis |
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Term
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Definition
Protein production:
Hydrolase(makes cell like water/damages protein) finds large 60S rRNA subunit and causes depurination of ribosomes (purine liberation-requires injection of toxin
Lectin makes cells permeable to hydrolase |
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Term
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Definition
Cytochrome C oxidase-
as does azide and CO |
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Term
| H+ concentration is kept similar to Ca2+ in cytosol @ |
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Definition
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Term
| With acid burns, treatment is |
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Definition
| wash with flowing water, constrict peripheral blood vessels and minimize inflammatory response |
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Term
| Henderson hasselbalch is and used for |
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Definition
pk= pH-log [A-]/[HA]
use for derivation of pH and measure of acidity |
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Term
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Definition
§ The HANSCH coefficient = log10 [X]octanol/[X]water
□ Looks at the solubility of any compound in a solvent |
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Term
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Definition
Trazodone
Lofepramine-gets worse if liver tries to detox (tri-cyclic) |
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Term
| Toxicological Potentiation |
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Definition
| When the liver tries to detox a compound and makes it even more dangerous i.e. lofepramine |
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Term
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Definition
| Estradiol-can affect fetus and cell division |
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Term
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Definition
6
Silent springs looked at DDT making the shells of Ospreys extremely brittle preventing Ca2+ deposition |
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Term
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Definition
acids
have partially empty orbital
with potential to react with Lewis Bases |
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Term
| Most metals are toxic in their ____state |
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Definition
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Term
| Vanadium has these states and this is most biologically toxic |
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Definition
3+ and 5+
5+ is most toxic as Vanadate after loss of the 2 4s electrons |
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Term
| Name for a partially empty orbit |
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Definition
Lewis Acidic center-highly reactive with Lewis Bases
6 available centers is the most unstable metallic state |
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Term
| the most stable bonding form is the____with the arrival of ____bonding partners |
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Definition
The octahedron with 6 bonding partners
The tetrahedron with 4 partners is also stable(less) |
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Term
| Iron has __ and __ states found in __ and __ |
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Definition
2+ and 3+, found in hemoglobin and myoglobin
Fe2+ is the more dangerous form due to rapid GI uptake
Fe3+ is eliminated |
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Term
| Fe2+ overload leads to ___ |
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Definition
The Fenton Reaction:
Fe2+ and H2O2 creates Fe3+ and OH radicals
Then OH- and Fe3+ reacts with another H2O2 and produces the lethal OOH- radical |
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Term
| As Fe2+ is, it would bond best to |
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Definition
CN-, when compared to H2O, CO and NH3+.
6 CN- would bind to Fe2+ creating [Fe(CN)6]4-. |
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Term
| arsenic's _ state is more toxic than it's _ state |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when babies eat food high in NO3--> converts to NO2 which displaces O2 and suffocates babies |
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Term
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Definition
| when babies eat food high in NO3--> converts to NO2 which displaces O2 and suffocates babies |
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Term
| N displaces__ in Fe complexes |
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Definition
| displaces the O coordination spot making it tougher for O to bind |
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Term
EDTA
Desferal
Catechins
EGCG |
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Definition
is a true chelator with 6 lewis base centers
Is used for metal poisoning |
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Term
| Too much Catechins or chelators in diet leads to |
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Definition
| loss of Ca2+ in bones and osteoporosis |
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Term
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Definition
equilibrium for the formation of products
higher Kf means more stable products
CN can displace Oxalate from Fe ~^32 orders
Use CN to extract metals from Ores |
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Term
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Definition
Hydroxo-cobalamine
with 4 N groups with cobalt used to hold CN- in place of the -OH group--> cyano-cobalamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Indicates that the higher the concentration: the greater the coverage of a surface would occur up until a saturation point |
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Term
| Heavy Metals and metal ions enter cells via |
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Definition
| Piggybacking onto integral membrane protein channels, and mimicking naturally occuring healthy and normal cations |
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Term
| How to determine the health of organs |
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Definition
| Through studying their efflux kinetics |
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Term
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Definition
| An oxygenase and a cytochrome with an Fe3+ heme center- with 6 coordination spots with 1 that is not occupied |
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Term
| CYP450 renders hydrophobic compounds hydrophillic via |
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Definition
| attachment to a substrate binding site across from the heme center and exposes the toxicant to the O group in the heme center |
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Term
| Dangerous disadvantage of Phase 1 detox via CYP P450 |
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Definition
Formation of Aldehydes after oxygenation makes hydrophobic toxicant a little less hydrophobic
Aldehydes can go on to form epoxides through condensation with a schiff base if meeting an amine |
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Term
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Definition
| due to their affinity to cross link(forms an ADDUCT) with guanine in DNA and upset the helical structure leading to transcription errors and eventually mutations |
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Term
| ___is a key element in a key compound for Phase 2 detox |
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Definition
Sulfur is needed for glutathione formation
Used for the thiol group to kick out a H and bind to the toxicant R group. |
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Term
| GSh cannot be absorbed by the body well-other ways of ingesting are through intake of |
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Definition
| Garlic, Onions, Cauliflower, Broccoli, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) |
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Term
| Rapid medical detox, heavy metal reactions can be used by |
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Definition
NAC , n-acetylcysteine
and metallothioneines-found in AD patients who have had exposure to Aluminium forming amy-B |
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Term
| Pre-exposure to____allows the body to prepare for metal toxicity |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 examples needed for phase 2 detox |
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Definition
| GSH, ortho-sulfates, Taurine & GLucaronic Acid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| grapefruit juice, capcaisin, tumeric, onion, antihistamines |
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Term
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Definition
| brassica foods, citrus peels, cysteine, NAC, taurine, fish oils |
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Term
| effect of small doses of metals to benefit the body medically____ |
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Definition
| Hormesis-primes the body to fight stressors in the long run |
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Term
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Definition
| Selectivity ratio- how effective a compound is against its' target and how comparatively dangerous it is to humans through division of LD50 for target divided by LD50 for rats=gives effectiveness against mammals |
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Term
| DDT cannot be detoxed by phase 1 because |
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Definition
CYP P450 can only add the oxygen in the para-position, which is occupied in DDT
+ Hansch ~6 |
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