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Definition
Group of proteins that bind heavy metals --Sequestration of metals like: Cu Zn, Pb, Cd --are cysteine-rich, have low molecular weight, bind well with metals, inducible = turned on by the presence of metals
EX: Freshwater mussel: as Cadmium ^, metallothionein expression ^, indicating that metallothioneins are inducible |
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| foreign chemical found in an organism that is not usually produced or expected in said organism |
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| chemical bonds break due to UV radiation |
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takes a pollutant and turns it into something easy to get rid of
--general result- lipophilicity reduced & elimination enhanced
2 phases:
Phase I: increases polarity by 1- adding O or OH, 2- breaking double bonds, and 3- removing groups. From here either eliminate or --> Phase II : increases water solubility (polarity) by adding polar groups (sugars, sulfates) |
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some pollutants become more toxic after phase I
EX: The oxidation of organophosphorous insecticides yields CNS inhibitors
EX: the oxidation of some PAHs or Vinyl Chlorides yields carcinogens |
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| General vs Specific Toxicity |
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Definition
Mode of Action = General-> multiple target site, specific -> single site
Series dependence: presence or absence of target sites and/or coping mechanisms
lifestage dependence = teratogenic effects -> developmental malformations |
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| net toxicity is sum of the toxicities of individual pollutants - - 1 + 1 = 2 (most commons) |
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| net toxicity is less than the sum of individual pollutants 4 +6 = 8 |
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net toxicity is greater then the sum of the toxicities of the individual pollutants -> 2 + 2 = 20
-potentiation |
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1: Inhibition of detoxification - one compound inhibits the enzyme that detoxifies another compound (bad for biotransformation pathways)
2: Stimulation of activation - one compound induces the expression of an enzyme system that activates the toxicity of another pollutant 0 + 2 = 10 |
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Definition
| persistent organic pollutants - organic compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation through chemical homeostasis despite change in the environment |
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Definition
modification of biological function to maintain homeostasis despite change in environment (temp, pH, salinity, light)
May enhance survival |
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| integration of toxicology and ecology- more focused on the bigger picture, study of substances in the environment, or the effects of said substances on organisms in the environment when released via human activity |
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| chemical exceeding normal background levels -- not necessarily harmful |
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| an act of making sure that intracellular ionic concentrations of metals stay within tight margins - think METALLOTHIONEINS |
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| an act of making sure that intracellular ionic concentrations of metals stay within tight margins - think METALLOTHIONEINS |
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| geochemical process by which certain chemicals such as POPs are transported from warmer to colder regions of the earth |
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| 1970s site for the hydroelectric plant sold to Hooker Co where they dumped 20,000 gal of toxic waste and covered it up; later floated to the surface due to rain (1978) |
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| death following prolonged exposure, usually at least 10% of life span |
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Definition
| plant hormone that promotes root formation and bud growth; regulates functions like cell elongation |
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Definition
| Endocrine Disrupting Compounds - act like hormones by directly binding or indirectly influencing biosynthesis, metabolism, elimination of natural hormones |
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| effect in which toxin acts like a stimulant in small doses |
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| regions of relatively homogeneous ecological systems |
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determine system conditions and health, identify stressors, predict future conditions, and design or evaluate management strategies above organism
Above organism- populations & ecosytems |
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| ration of predicted exposure concentration to predicted no effect concentration |
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| 1950s Minimate Japan, mercury poisoning among people who ate fishfrom mercury contaminated waters of Minimata Bay |
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Definition
| chemicals exceeding background levels and potentially causing harm |
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Definition
Photosystem disruption - interrupts the flow of electrons through photosystems that are responsible for light dependent reactions
Growth Regulators: uncontrolled vascular growth, molecular mechanisms not clearly established EX Weed n Feed
EX - Atrazine (triazines) |
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Definition
| Concentration at which 50% of individuals die |
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Acronym for superimposed sex
EX: hydrobia ulvae, dog whelk - caused by tributyl tin which was used as an antifouling (no barnacles) agent |
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Definition
toxic effects that occur at concentrations below those that cause death
EX: Chlorosis, necrosis, decreased reproduction, mutations |
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amount of contaminant in organism increases as you move up the food chain
Role in awareness of environmental issues? Carson - Silent Spring, DDT- birds of prey
Commonly occuring? No, but receives most publicity |
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Term
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Definition
Octanol water partitioning partitioning coefficient, standard in determining polarity
Kow = Cs/Cw ---> Concentration in solvent divided by concentration in water
Kow > 6 = nonpolar
Kow <3 = polar |
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Definition
| Concentration at which 50% of individuals are effected |
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| medium in which the toxin is regularly refreshed |
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| any substance that causes injury, illness, or death of a living organism |
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Definition
| concentration of a particular chemical in tissue per concentrationin water (BCF = CSS/CI = Ku/KC)? |
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Definition
| chemical isotopes that are not radioactive |
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Definition
| specialized regression model of binomial response variables |
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Definition
| choice of measured response that causes harm: mortality or sublethal |
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| Biphasic dose-effect model |
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Definition
| dose vs growth - has two distince phases, growth moves from zero to positive then negative as dose increases |
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Term
| 2 categories of inorganic pollutants |
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Definition
Metals/Metalloids: abundant, ductile, malleable,shiny, give e-
EX:Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Nickel, Chromium, Tin
Gases: CO2 NO2 SO2 H3 |
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Term
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Definition
Metals/Metalloids- Mercury, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Nickel, Chromium, Tin (Arsenic)
Gases: NO2 CO2 SO2 H3, Uranium, Plutonium |
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Term
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Definition
neurotoxin esp in organomercury compounds,most applications are obsolete
still used in coal mining -> released at coal mining -> complex environmental cycling
mercury deposited in water body -> settles, converted by bacteria into methyl mercury -> stores in body tissue, released into water column -> taken up by fish -> bioaccumulates. |
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Definition
rare element,common in zinc cores, resembles zinc, binds strongly to sulfur compounds
Applications? - ink, batteries
EX- in mine run-off, water -> rice -> body = interferes with calcium negatively affecting bone density |
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Definition
Abundant in Earth Crust, widely distributed because of past uses, very malleable and heavy, low melting point, common past applications - cookware, plumbing, paint
CNS inhibitor |
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Definition
important since antiquity, alloys (bronze, tin brass, gold) good conductors- high end cookware, electronics
Pesticides, wiring, antifouling |
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Definition
| common element in earth crust, in alloys to prevent corrosion, excess can cause skin rash |
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Definition
used in alloys, anticorrosives
Environmental concenrn - TBT (tributyl tin) |
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Term
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Definition
occurs predominately as Cr III and Cr IV
CrIII is a micronutrient
CrIV is toxic - Erin Brokovich, used in panelling, cooling |
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Definition
metalloid, high levels in some ores and water sources
king of poisons/poison of kings
poison, pigment, pesticide |
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Term
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Definition
F2 Br2 Cl2 I2
When bound to organic compounds, they increase uptake, toxicity, and persistance |
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Definition
radioactive isotopes disintegrate = ingestion, inhalation
alpha radiation - helium nucleus - least dangerous, non-penetrating
beta - high energy electrons - moderate penetrating
gamma - photons with extremely small wavelengths and or neutrons - most dangerous |
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Term
| Where do contaminants end up in the environment? How is their destination determined? |
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Definition
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| What do organic contaminants contain? |
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Definition
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| Why are organic contaminants a factor of concern? |
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Definition
| Whether or not they accumulate in body fat - it's a question of polarity |
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Term
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Definition
| Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon- taste and scents - hexachlorabenzene - adding chlorine increases toxicity and persistence |
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Definition
PCB - very persistent with high accumulation
EX: Dioxin - not made for a purpose, but is a harmful byproduct- comes from burning PCBs |
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| Organochlorine Pesticides |
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Definition
DDT- kills mosquitoes w/ malaria - very effective, low mammalian toxicity
persistent- banned in 1970s
pests develop resistance
high bioaccumulation portential
caused near-extinction of birds of prey |
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Definition
| organophosphorous compounds, carbamates - neurotoxin - mainly toxic for invertebrates -low persistance, acute toxicity is main concern |
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Definition
| interferes with sodium ion channels, neurotoxins - low toxicity for mammals, birds, WORSE for fish and invertebrates - related to pyrethrins |
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Definition
most are biodegradable, main ecological concern : vapor drift, ground water contamination ,endocrine disruption
EX: Synthetic analogs of plant growth (like Auxin)
Pyridine hebicide
Triazine - Inhibitors of photosynthesis
====Atrazine - EDC associated with amphibian decline |
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