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TOX test 1
n/a
120
Pharmacology
Undergraduate 4
09/14/2009

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
3 types of computerized literature searches
Definition
MEDLINE-pubmed, TOXLINE, NIOSHTIC-2
Term
___ is a computerized "Digested" material, web-based source of info
Definition
TOXNET
Term
6 subcategories of TOXNET
Definition
HSDB (hazardous substances data bank), IRIS (integrated risk information system -- by EPA), CCRIS (chemical carcinogenesis research information system -- NCI), TRI (Toxic chemical release inventory), GENE-TOX (peer-reviewed mutagenicity test date -- EPA), ChemIDplus (chemical names, synonyms and structures)
Term
2 sources of government, criteria documents
Definition
EPA, ATSDR
Term
EPAactor
Definition
chemical specific info in detail -- government document
Term
NIOSH
Definition
emergency response safety and health database, also occupational safety and health guidelines for chemical hazards
Term
___ is a computerized clinical information system that you can get by going throguh the purdue libraries pharmacy
Definition
poisindex
Term
___ is considered the EPAs "Bible", with the most relevant regulatory levels
Definition
IRIS
Term
ATSDR
Definition
agency for toxic substances and disease registry -- organizes and prioritizes hazardous waste sites
Term
Where do you go to get info on poisons?
Definition
poisindex
Term
5 types of toxicology
Definition
economic, clinical, forensic, ecotox, and environmental
Term
___ is the subdivision of toxicology that focuses on how chemicals are made to be toxic. example?
Definition
economic -- pesticides - try to discriminate between pests and humans and increase crop yield
Term
___ toxicology focuses on antidotes, drug abuse and overdose. they mainly look for ___ and ___.
Definition
clinical -- signs and symptoms
Term
___ toxicology focuses on medical and legal issues. example?
Definition
forensic -- ex: analyzing toxicity in foods
Term
___ is the subdivision of tox that focuses on "the birds and the bees", specifically non-target organisms.
Definition
ecotox
Term
____ toxicology focuses on human exposures, mainly through occupational, food, and water.
Definition
environmental
Term
acute effects and example
Definition
occur from a single dose, effect occurs fairly quickly (hours) and terminates quickly ... ex: overdose
Term
subchronic effect. examples?
Definition
due to repeated dose, over days or weeks.
... ex: farmers spraying crops, or taking an antibiotic
Term
chronic effect
Definition
long term, lifetime.
Term
2 things that can happen with a chronic effect
Definition
build up a chemical over time :: increase in damage to organs (cumulative)
Term
3 major types of exposures and example of each
Definition
incidental (something gets in the water supply), accidental (child gets into cleaner), intentional (drugs)
Term
TLV
Definition
threshold limit value - set by ACGIH - means most workers will not be affected
Term
PEL
Definition
Permissable Exposure Limits - set by OSHA - very outdated
Term
MCL
Definition
Maximum Contaminant Levels - set by EPA - used for water
Term
MRL
Definition
minimal risk levels - ATSDR - concerned wtih general public at all ages from something they're exposed to all the time
Term
ATSDR
Definition
agency for toxic substances and disease registry - organize and prioritize hazardous waste sites
Term
Chemicals not intended for introduction into a biological system tend to exert their effects depending on ___, ___, and ___.
Definition
nonspecific caustic or corrosive actions, specific toxicological actions, and production of pathological sequelae
Term
chemicals not intended for introduction into biological systems exert abnormal effects depending on ?
Definition
immune mechanisms
Term
Chemicals intended for introduction into biological systems can exert unwanted effects with normal doses depending on what 3 things?
Definition
malfunction of mechanisms for terminating the action of the agent, actions on the wrong target system, synergism with other chemicals
Term
chemicals intended for introduction into biological systems exert effects due to excessive doses based on what 5 things?
Definition
nonspecific caustic or corrosive actions, exaggerated pharmacologic effects, specific toxicologic actions, production of pathological sequelae, sociologic complications
Term
What are examples of non-specific caustic or corrosive actions that a chemical could exert?
Definition
primary irritants, like spilling something on the skin
Term
what are 3 "specific toxicologic actions" that chemicals can exert?
Definition
pharmacokinetic (distribution), metabolic activation, receptor
Term
receptors provide ___ and ___
Definition
selectivity and specificity
Term
___ are cell components that interact with a chemcial which leads to a chain of events that produces some effect
Definition
receptors
Term
2 common receptors
Definition
enzymes and proteins
Term
___ is how much of a chemical you need to achieve a desired effect
Definition
potency
Term
2 chemicals' potencies can only be compared if?
Definition
they are both capable of reaching the desired effect
Term
The property of a drug which determines the amount of biological effect produced per unit of drug-receptor complex formed
Definition
intrinsic activity
Term
additive effects
Definition
1+1=2
Term
Synergism
Definition
Greater than additive effect: 1+1=3
Term
Potentiation
Definition
chemical has no effect by itself but can increase the activity of another chemical: 0+1=4
Term
Chemical-Chemical Antagonism
Definition
acid-base
Term
Functional antagonism
Definition
one chemical's action increases while the other chemical's action decreases
Term
Competitive antagonism
Definition
happens at receptor -- antidotes
Term
___ antagonism has to do with pharmacokinetics.
Definition
dispositional
Term
transport from site of exposure to blood
Definition
absorption
Term
4 methods of absorption
Definition
oral, respiratory, dermal, injections
Term
passive diffusion
Definition
from high concentrations to low (fick's principle of concentration gradients)
Term
active transport
Definition
from low concentration to high, needs a transporter molecule -- body has these for all endogenous and some exogenous compounds
Term
OAT and OCT
Definition
organic anion and cation transporters (active transport)
Term
2 factors that affect absorption
Definition
transport mechanism (active or passive), molecule (size, ionization, ph, etc)
Term
the most readily-absorbed molecules are ___, ___ and ___.
Definition
non-polar, non-ionized, and lipid soluble
Term
When you ingest a toxicant, it first goes to the gut, where it is taken up by the blood and delivered to the ___ by the ____ system.
Definition
liver, hepatic portal system
Term
___% of what you eat goes through the liver before any other organ
Definition
90
Term
a "portal system" means it has a ___ at both ends
Definition
vein ... hepatic portal: vein in gut and liver
Term
1st pass effect
Definition
liver is the target tissue for everything absorbed by the GI tract
Term
Why is it important that the lungs are highly vascular?
Definition
they are good for converting O2 to CO2 but also good at picking up toxins and distributing them throughout the blood.
Term
___% of the blood supply is pumped through the lungs at some point
Definition
100 ... why inhaled toxins work so quickly
Term
in the skin, what layer is of most concern in regards to toxins
Definition
stratum corneum
Term
6 factors that affect how quickly a toxin is absorbed by the skin
Definition
the nature of the chemical, location (thick skin or thin skin), hydration (quicker uptake), temperature (higher temp=faster absorption), damage, solvents
Term
Almost all distribution in the body is done by the blood plasma, with the exception of ___. Why?
Definition
lead... it binds to the RBCs
Term
In plasma, toxins can either be free or bound. if they are bound, it is usually to ___. why is this important?
Definition
albumin.... it prevents activity and prolongs half life in the body.
Term
3 "barriers" to distribution and their significance
Definition
capillaries - have a junction between them, so stuff can still pass through :: fat - stores things easily, like DDT :: Blood-Brain Barrier - no gap between so it is hard for chemicals to get through to the brain, especially large, polar molecules
Term
detoxification vs. bioactivation
Definition
detox - results in decreased activity and duration of the chemical :: bioactivation - opposite
Term
In terms of clinical drugs, we want to make things that are ___, ___, and ___. Why? In terms of toxins, we want things that are ___, ___, and ___. Why?
Definition
drugs: non-polar, non-ionized, lipid soluble -- so they are easily absorbed. :: toxins - polar, ionized, water soluble -- so they are NOT absorbed and easily excreted
Term
example of detoxification/bioactivation of a compound
Definition
halogenated compounds -- can be detoxed by the liver and activated by the CNS
Term
Classical Metabolism cosists of ___ and ___ rxns
Definition
phase I and phase II
Term
Phase I reactions are considered to be ____.
Definition
oxidative
Term
Where do Phase I reactions take place? If they wanted to isolate this organelle, how would they do it?
Definition
endoplasmic reticulum -- spin it into a microsome (protein pellet)
Term
Phase I/II reactions involve hydrolases and esterases
Definition
I
Term
The ___ is the most important excretory organ
Definition
kidney
Term
the ___ is an important excretory organ for volatile compounds and gases
Definition
lung
Term
the __ is an important excretory organ for foreign chemicals
Definition
liver
Term
Toxicogenetics
Definition
How people respond differently to drugs and toxins based on their genetics
Term
how often do SNPs appear, and how often are they "silent"?
Definition
1 out of every 1000-2000 base pairs -- 99% are silent
Term
hypersusceptibility
Definition
when people respond to toxins at lower doses than others
Term
what are some factors that can cause hypersusceptibility
Definition
genetics, racial/ethnic groups
Term
what is the importance of glutathione?
Definition
primaquine is an anti-malarial drug, but can cause hemolytic anemia if you don't have glutathione. ... see notecard
Term
Why do so many asians have trouble metabolizing alcohol?
Definition
low Alcohol Dehydrogenase activity -- see notecard
Term
____ is the enzyme that determines fast and slow acetylators. A ___ in this enzyme causes slow acetylation
Definition
N-acetyltransferase ... genetic mutation (NOT deficiency)
Term
What is the significance of Isoniazid?
Definition
treats TB, but can build up in the blood of slow-acetylators and cause peripheral neuropathy
Term
about __% of white americans are slow-acetylators
Definition
50
Term
what is the significance of carcinogenic arylamines?
Definition
can cause cancer in slow acetylators who can't break it down
Term
What is a metabolic ratio?
Definition
ratio of parent compound to metabolite
Term
Significance of CYP2D6
Definition
metabolizes a lot of different drugs, but contains 80 alleles, which leaves plenty of room for mutations. people with mutations are "poor metabolizers" of all of these otherwise useful drugs and the drug builds up in their bodies
Term
Drugs that are CYP2D6-mediated
Definition
debrisoquine, beta blockers, antihiarrhythmics, neuroleptics
Term
MHC restriction and its importance
Definition
Tcells can only recognize antigens that are bound to MHC. ex: H1N1 - since we have never been exposed, MHC 1 can't bind and present the antigen so our Tcells can't attack it.

::: also helps recognize self vs. non-self
Term
3 components of innate immunity
Definition
anatomical barriers, humoral components, and cellular components
Term
3 anatomical barriers that are part of innate immunity
Definition
mechanical factors (peristalsis, mucociliary escalator), chemical factors (pH), biological factors
Term
3 Humoral components that are part of innate immunity
Definition
complement, Coagulation system, cytokines
Term
4 cellular components in innate immunity
Definition
neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages, NK cells, eosinophils
Term
What are the roles of innate immunity?
Definition
control infections during the time that is needed to engage the adaptive immune system (usually the first 5-7 days) :: activates and directs the adaptive immune system, primarily through signals delivered by dendritic cells
Term
Adaptive immunity also goes by what other 2 names?
Definition
acquired, specific
Term
2 general functions of acquired immunity
Definition
specificity and memory
Term
3 general cell types of adaptive immunity
Definition
B lymphs, T lymphs, and antigen presenting cells
Term
2 general types of immunity provided by the acquired immune system and their components
Definition
humoral - serum proteins, complement, antibodies :: cell mediated immunity (CMI) - T lymphs
Term
Primary lymphoid tissues and the cells they create
Definition
Bone Marrow - b cells :: thymus - t cells
Term
Secondary lymphoid tissues -- types and function
Definition
function: where cells go after they develop to wait for contact with an antigen :: spleen and lymph nodes
Term
Tertiary lymphoid tissues
Definition
GALT, BALT, SALT, etc
Term
What are the 2 major, general cell types of the immune system
Definition
myeloid cells, lymphoid cells
Term
what 2 types of cells are involved in the innate immune system?
Definition
granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils) and NK cells
Term
Suppressor T cells are AKA ___. What is their function?
Definition
Tregs -- downplay immune response
Term
The B cell antigen receptor is?
Definition
immunoglobulin
Term
Upon antigen exposure, B cells can develop into __ or ___
Definition
plasma cells (IgM, IgG, etc) or memory cells
Term
Why can you be immunized as a kid and be good to go for life?
Definition
memory cells
Term
___% of Tcells die before exiting the thymus
Definition
95
Term
antigen receptor for T cells
Definition
TCR
Term
2 types of selection for Tcells in the thymus
Definition
Positive - MHC restriction is "taught" -- if a cell can't recognize MHC, it is eliminated :: Negative - Tolerance - eliminate cells that recognize self antigens
Term
2 types of Tcells
Definition
helpers (CD4) and Cytotoxic (CD8)
Term
2 types of T helper cells and their functions
Definition
Th-1 - cell mediated to cytokines :: Th-2: humoral (bcell) immunity
Term
5 types of autoimmune mechanisms
Definition
self-recognition molecules, hypersensitivity, antibody-dependent cytotoxicity, complement-mediated lysis, cytotoxic T lymphs
Term
example of localized and systemic anaphalaxis
Definition
localized: bee sting, systemic: peanut allergy
Term
most toxic = most ____.
Definition
potent
Term
___ is the most toxic/potent chemical
Definition
botulinum toxin
Term
xenobiotics
Definition
foreign chemicals the body is exposed to that have little or no value in sustaining normal biochemistry.
Term
how can reabsorption of metabolites of molecules broken down by the kidneys be controlled?
Definition
adjusting urine pH --> weak acids can be caused to be excreted rather than reabsorbed by adding bicarbonate and therefore making the urine alkyline.
Term
how does disease in the liver and kidney affect metabolism in these organs?
Definition
increases half life of compounds
Term
hepatic first pass effect
Definition
most toxicants absorbed by the GI tract are eliminated by the liver before they can reach systemic circulation
Term
heavier molecules tend to be metabolized by the ___
Definition
liver -- to be excreted through bile (as opposed to kidneys and urine)
Term
What are the implications of a Glucose-6-Dehydrogenase deficiency?
Definition
deficient G-6-P = reduced ability to maintain sufficient levels of reduced Glutathione (GSH) in RBCs --> in the event of oxidative stress, they will suffer damage to RBc membrane proteins = hemolytic anemia
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