Term
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Definition
| Unique pattern of skin folding on the fingers of humans (and some other animals) |
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Term
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Definition
| Skin gland associated with hair follicles that secrete an oily substance. There are ot present on palms or fingers |
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Term
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Definition
| A technique to identify individuals; relies on differences in the number of times a mini- or micro-satellite sequence is repeated on each chromosome. At least 10 or more microsatellite sequences are used to produce a unique profile for each individual with the exception of identical twins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences of repeated bases of non-coding DNA (introns) |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA satellite sequence, 20-50 base pairs long. Repeated 50 to several hundred times. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA satellite sequence, 2-4 base pairs long. Repeated 5 to 15 times. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme produced by bacteria that can cut DNA molecules at specific sites |
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Term
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Definition
| The sequence of nucleotides in DNA to which a restriction enzyme binds and then cuts the DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of an agarose gel matrix placed in salt buffer in which molecules of DNA can be separated on the basis of size, when a current is passed through the gel. |
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Definition
| The process by which DNA fragments are transferred from the agarose gel to the nylon membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| A charged membrane that provides a solid support to which DNA separated by gel electrophoresis can be transferred. Used to allow subsequent manipulations of the DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance that when heated with buffer and cooled forms a gel |
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Term
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Definition
| The process where two complementary DNA strands will anneal (bond together) by hydrogen bonding |
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Term
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Definition
| Light or radioactive sensitive film |
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Term
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Definition
| A length of DNA, that is complementary to a target gene sequence that has attached to it a fluorescent or radioactive marker |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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Definition
| A technique that allows the automated multiplication of a particular stretch of DNA using a thermostable DNA polymerase. Involves several rounds of denaturation, annealing of primers to the template strand, and polymerase extension from the primers |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme which catalyses the joining together of individual nucleotides to form a molecule of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Short pieces of DNA used in PCR, which are complementary to the sequence either side of the target sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| Around 36.2 - 37.6 degrees C |
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Term
| Cooling of the body follows this pattern |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stiffening of the joints and muscles after death |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate, transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism. Required for muscle contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as putrefecation; the breakdown of body tissue to simpler molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Early stage of decomposition involving enzymes from the gut and lysosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes will also be released from these organisms, resulting in further decomposition and gas formation |
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Term
| First Sign of Decomposition |
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Definition
| Green discolouration of the skin on lower abdomen |
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Term
| Bloating of the body during decomposition is due to the build up of which gases? |
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Definition
Hydrogen Sulphide
Methane
Carbon Dioxide
Ammonia
Hydrogen |
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Term
| Time taken for discolouration of abdomen wall to occur |
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Definition
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Term
| Time taken for gas formation to occur |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Studying insects and applying the knowledge to work with criminal cases, such as estimating time of death |
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Term
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Definition
| The pre-adult form of fly that hatches fom an egg, also called a maggot |
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Term
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Definition
| An immature stage of an insect between successive molts |
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Term
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Definition
| Stage between larva and adult of some insects during which metamorphosis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| An example of a drug that can affect the rate of maggot development |
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Term
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Definition
| Succession occuring on a dead body; differs from succession in that insects do not necessarily leave the body after changing the conditions for the new organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Bacteria and fungi essential in sustaining the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide is released when they respire |
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Term
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Definition
| The examination of a dead body to ascertain cause of death |
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Term
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Definition
| A contagious disease principally affecting the lungs, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Term
| Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV |
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Definition
| A human retrovirus infects T helper cells and so disables the immune system, leading to AIDS |
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Term
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, AIDS |
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Definition
| The result of infection by HIV, where the immuno-compromised person is susceptible to opportunistic infections |
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Term
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Definition
| A polysaccharide, cross-linked by peptide chains, and the major constituent of the bacterial cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein tubes that allow bacterial attachment to surfaces and cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Infolding of the bacterial cell surface membrane and the site of respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| Mucus layer surrounding the cell wall of the bacteria providing protection and preventing dehydration; it also allows bacteria to form colonies. Only present in some bacteria, eg TB |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Compound of protein and polysaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
| Organism supporting a parasite (eg a virus) in or on its body to its own detriment. (Can also be used to describe an organism supporting a commensal organism) |
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Term
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Definition
| Destruction of cells through damage of the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Tobacco mosaic virus, TMV |
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Definition
| Rod shaped plant virus; the first virus discovered |
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Term
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Definition
| A virus that infects bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| A bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection caused by inhaling tiny droplets of moisture from the cough or sneeze of an infected person which contain viruses or other pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| HIV is carried in some of these, eg. blood and semen, but NOT saliva or urine |
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Term
| Sexually transmitted infections |
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Definition
| Any diseases transmitted through sexual contact |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanisms mounted by the immune system to attempt to destroy an invading pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, esp. the production of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of bacteria, occurring notably in tears |
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Term
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Definition
| A localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, esp. as a reaction to injury or infection |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells found in connective tissue below the skin and around blood vessels, which release histamine (along with damaged white blood cells) in response to cell damage |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical released by white blood cells and damaged mast cells. Responsible for the increase in capillary permeability resulting in oedema, and dilation of capillaries resulting in reddening of the area from increased blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Swelling of an area due to excess tissue fluid accumulation |
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Term
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Definition
| A white blood cell that engulfs microorganisms and other foreign matter by endocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Majority of white blood cells that destroy bacteria. Leave the blood capillaries by squeezing between the cells of capillary walls. Short lived. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of white blood cell that develops from monocytes that also leaves the blood capillaries by squeezing between the cells of capillary walls to engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign matter and cell debris |
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Term
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Definition
| The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| A small colorless disk-shaped cell fragment without a nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick fluid that forms in an infected area consisting of dead cells, mostly neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialised lymphoid tissue regions that act as filters for microorganisms and contain lymphocytes and macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| A clear watery fluid that contains lymphocytes. There is a series of vessels that run throughout the body, collecting excess tissue fluuid and returning it to the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| White blood cells that help to defend the body against specific diseases. Two types: T and B cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Widespread infection or "blood poisoning" |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, that has the property of inhibiting virus replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphocytes that are produced in the bone marrow which develop into a plasma cell and secretes antibodies in response to antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymphocyte, produced in the bone marrow and matured in the thymus gland. Two types: T helper and T killer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Response by lymphocytes to specific disease microbes |
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Term
| Immunoglobins or antibodies |
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Definition
| A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| The variable part of the antibody that can bind to the antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of an antibody that varies little between different types of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| The process where B-Cells divide to produce two clones of the cell that has bound to the antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| An antibody-secreting cell that developed from a B effector cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Long-lived B cells produced from clonal selection following antigen recognition, importants in immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| The first time that B cells are selected by the antigen and plasma cells produces (10 to 17 days) |
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Term
| Secondary immune response |
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Definition
| The second time a person is infected, the memory cells divide to produce plasma cells within 2 to 7 days. More antibodies are produced and the response lasts longer. The person is said to be immune. |
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Term
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Definition
| The bone tissue which forms the blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Located within the thorax. A portion of the lymphoid system in which T cells mature and differentiate after they have migrated from the bone marrow where they were produced |
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Term
| Major histocompatibility complex |
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Definition
| A genetic system that allows large proteins in immune system cells to identify compatible or foreign proteins. It allows the matching of potential organ or bone marrow donors with recipients |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals produced by activated T cells that stimulate division and differentiation of B Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Receptor on the surface of T cells which binds to the antigen/MHC complex on the surface of antigen presenting cells (CD = cluster of differentiation proteins). HIV has evolved to use this receptor to allow entry into the T helper cells |
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Term
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Definition
| T cells which destroy pathogen infected cells by releasing chemicals that caused pores to form in he infected cells causing lysis. They can also attack other foreign cells that enter the body |
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Term
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Definition
| T cells which produced cytokines which stimulate B-cells to become plasma cells to enhance the activity of phagocytes, and stimulate the T killer cells to divide |
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Term
| Antigen presenting cell (APC) |
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Definition
| A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanism proposed for binding of an enzyme to a substrate due to the active site of the enzyme having a complementary shape and charge to the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| Diseases caused where body tissues are targeted by inappropriate action of the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which cells are "programmed" to die, also known as programmed cell death. This is distinct from cell death due to infection or damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| First stage of TB lasting for several months with possibly no symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms which require oxygen to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| M. tuberculosis can survive inside macrophages because they have ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| TB bacteria also ____ T cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Second phase of TB, this occurs if the patient's immune system was unable to contain the primary infection, or if an old infection breaks out if the patient becomes immuno-compromised |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of the brain which lies below the thalamus and contains the thermoregulatory centre. It coordinates water balance, reproduction, metabolism as well as temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| Mechanisms, which maintain a relatively constant internal body environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Main symptoms include enlarged lymph glands due to infection with TB. More common in Asian people. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipid membrane surrounding some viruses which is derived from the host cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Glycoprotein, which projects through the viral envelope, important for HIV virus binding to the host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme which copies viral RNA into DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme which inserts viral DNA into host DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The genetic code is this type of code, whereby 3 bases code for one amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| The form of RNA in which genetic information transcribed from DNA as a sequence of bases is transferred to a ribosome |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule of RNA which folded to form a shape resembling a t, which has an amino acid binding site at one end and a specific anticodon at the other |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribosomal RNA or rRNA is a type of RNA which is found in ribosomes, a complex structure of RNA and protein |
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Term
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Definition
| The synthesis of RNA using one strand of DNA as the template. This mRNA molecule leaves the nucleus to be translated |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme which catalyses the polymerisation of RNA nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction to form RNA |
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Term
| Complementary to the sense strand |
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Definition
| Antisense strand, strand of DNA used to produce mRNA |
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Term
| Running from 5' – 3'. The sense strand is the strand of DNA that has the same sequence as the mRNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Translation is the process through which cellular ribosomes manufacture proteins from mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells and used to form proteins from mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of three nucleotide bases on a transfer RNA molecule, which is complementary to the corresponding mRNA codon |
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Term
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Definition
| Early infection with HIV. Phase of rapid replication of virus and loss of T helper cells. HIV antibodies appear in the blood after 3-12 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| Prolonged stage of HIV infection, where the virus continues to reproduce rapidly, but the numbers are kept in check by the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| Phase associated with a high HIV viral load, a declining T helper cell count and subsequently the onset of AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that less commonly cause disease in people with functional immune systems, but which can invade those who are immuno-compromised |
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Term
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Definition
| A tumor (obvious purple black patches) frequently found in AIDS patients, but rare in the general population |
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Term
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Definition
| Barriers to prevent pathogen entry, eg the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| Non-specific chemicals produced by the body, which help to prevent pathogen entry |
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Term
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Definition
| Microbes that live on the skin, not usually causing any disease. Act to prevent colonisation by other bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| A slimy viscous fluid secreted by specialised cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Hair-like projections from a cell, which beat in a co-ordinated rhythm, commonly move fluids of mucous |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced to aid digestion, but also kills bacteria that enter with food |
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Term
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Definition
| Short term immunity produced when antibodies are passed from mother to foetus via the placenta and to her infant through her milk |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunity produced by the specific immune response to an infectious organism |
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Term
| Artificial Active Immunity |
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Definition
| Immunity produced in response to vaccination |
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Term
| Artificial Active Immunity |
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Definition
| Short term immunity produced by injection of antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of a pathogen antigen to bring about an immune response. Whole, attenuated or killed, microorganisms can be used, or just part of the pathogen. A harmless version of a bacterial toxin can also be used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathogen which has been weakened in some way so that they no longer produce disease |
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Term
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Definition
| General immunity to a pathogen in a population based on the acquired immunity to it by a high proportion of members |
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Term
| bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) |
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Definition
| Vaccine to protect against TB given to young people between the ages of 10-13 years. Contains chemically attenuated bacteria |
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Term
| Reverse transcriptase inhibitors |
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Definition
| Drug which prevents the HIV viral RNA from making DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug which prevents the cutting of large proteins into small polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Research scientist who discovered penicillin |
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Term
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Definition
| An antibiotic which inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis. Affects many bacteria, eg pneumonia, but NOT TB |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance which destroys bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance which stops bacteria from multiplying |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of the bacteria to survive in the presence of the antibiotic, due to a mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| Pathogen and host will always be co-evolving in an ____ _____: the pathogens which are best able to grow and multiply will be selected for, and the hosts which are most resistant to pathogens, and therefore more likely to survive. will be selected. |
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Term
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Definition
| A genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| A process that occurs in bacteria in which DNA (usually a plasmid) is passed from one cell to another through the pilus |
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Term
| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA |
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Definition
| Staphylococcus aureus which is resistant to most antibiotics including methicillin |
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Term
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Definition
| Healthcare Associated Infections |
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