Term
| a drug’s ability to produce ototoxic effects involves ___ and ___. |
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Definition
| pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics |
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Term
Pharmacodynamics:
-Related to drug's mechanism of ___
-___ and ___ drug-receptor interaction
-Process: Drugs go to ___. The target is usually the ___ ___ surface. Then it begins a ___-___ process. |
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Definition
| action; Lock and key; target; cell membrane; multi-step |
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Term
| What are a few examples of receptors that lead to processes? |
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Definition
-transmembrane ion channels
-transmembrane receptors linked to intracellular g proteins
-transmembrane receptors linked to cystolic enzymes |
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Term
| Lock and Key Model: what are the keys and what are the receptors? |
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Definition
| Keys=drugs, neurotransmitter, and ligands. Locks=receptors |
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Term
| ___ is a molecule, as an antibody, hormone, or drug, that binds to a receptor |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine (Ach), dopamine (DA), and epinephrine |
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Term
| Drugs that can block or reduce action of agonists (or neurotransmitters) by direct or indirect ways. |
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Definition
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Term
Examples of Antagonists:
-___ ___: block the effect of NE; affects blood pressure & heart rate by blocking the effect of NE (natural agonist)
-___ and ___ (Ach receptor antagonists) to treat vertigo & Meniere’s disease
-“____” dephenlhydramine (Benedryl) is a histamine receptor antagonist |
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Definition
| Beta blockers; Scopolamine and meclizine; antihistamine |
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Term
| Antagonist can also target enzymes. What is an example? |
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Definition
| Ibuprofen: a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase to help form inflammatory prostaglandins |
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Term
| How is the effectiveness of a drug described? |
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Definition
| Using a dose-response curve |
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Term
Dose-Response Curves...
-describes a drug's ability to cause a ___
-shows relationship of a given dose to the ___ ___ (desired effect or unwanted toxic effect) |
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Definition
| response; measured response |
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Term
| drug’s ability to elicit maximum response at a given dose; drug’s ability to treat a disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Amount of a drug needed to produce 50% of a drug’s potential max response |
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Definition
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Term
Therapeutic Index:
-Ratio of a drug’s ___ dose to its therapeutic dose (or plasma
concentration)
-Small ratio between toxic dose and therapeutic dose =___ therapeutic index
-Large ratio between toxic dose and therapeutic dose =___ therapeutic index |
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Definition
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Term
Small Therapeutic Index:
-small ratio between ___ and ___ effects
-narrow window between ___ and ___
-dangerous effects are common at ___ doses. |
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Definition
| unwanted & wanted; efficacy; toxicity; normal |
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Term
Large Therapeutic Index:
- ___ ratio between wanted and unwanted effects
- ___ window between efficacy and toxicity
-dangerous effects _____ at normal doses |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is he expression of a genetic code |
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Definition
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Term
Dose-Response versus Dose-Toxicity:
-shows dose of drug X needed for a ___ response
-Increasing dose can ___ efficacy
-as dose increases, risk of ___ effects increases too
-at a certain point, some meds reach ___ benefit, & further dose increases only increase risk of ___ effects |
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Definition
| therapeutic; increase; toxic; maximum; adverse |
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Term
| What does pharmacokinetics consist of? |
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Definition
| Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and elimination |
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Term
| Absorption depends on routes of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
Amount of Absorption may depend on…
-stomach ___
-drug’s physical and ___ characteristics
-consumption of other ___ or ___
-dosage ___ (slow-release)
-bioavailability: actual ___ of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation
-extent of first-pass metabolism by the ___ |
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Definition
| PH; chemical; drugs; food; formulation; amount; liver |
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Term
| ___ is the drug’s movement to target site(s) of action |
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Definition
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Term
| are protective mechanisms within the body |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some barriers in the body? |
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Definition
| blood-brain barrier, blood-testes barrier, and blood-placental barrier |
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Term
-as drug starts circulating, liver starts to ___ it
-enzymes are broken down to make molecules more ___ soluble (and able to be excreted by kidneys). |
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Definition
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Term
Phase I Metabolism-modify drug structure through:
-____: is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to its reaction with water
-___: is a chemical reaction that moves electrons
-___: is elimination of a compound |
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Definition
| hydrolysis; oxidation; reduction |
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Term
Phase II Metabolism:
-involve conjugative reactions that act to combine drugs with large, water soluble ___ molecules to enhance a drug’s solubility and excretion into urine |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main route of excretion and elimination of drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
Excretion & Elimination:
-renal function gets worse with increasing ___
-___ excretion is the secondary route
-doses are often adjusted for those with ___ renal function |
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Definition
| age; biliary; compromised |
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Term
Kidneys:
-regulate ___ composition
-keep volume of ___ constant
-remove ___ (urea, ammonia, drugs, toxic substances)
-maintain the ____ concentration of blood
-help regulate blood ___
-stimulate production of ____
-maintain body's ___ levels |
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Definition
| blood; water; wastes; acid/base; pressure; RBCs; calcium |
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Term
-peak concentration in plasma shows ___ distribution
-therapeutic activity- occurs above a certain ___ concentration (while staying below toxic levels)
-elimination- the drug becomes ___ active (levels are below
minimally effective plasma concentrations) |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the time it takes for a drug’s plasma concentration to decrease by 50% |
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Definition
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Term
Half-Life:
-___ for individuals
-affected by ___-___ interactions, drug-food interactions, ___ changes, or impaired kidney function |
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Definition
| varies; drug-drug; metabolic |
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Term
How Plasma Concentrations Change Over Time:
-___ ___: point when the amt of drug given equals the amt of drug eliminated in one half-life
-___ ___: time it takes for a drug to no longer be detected in plasma |
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Definition
| steady state; washout period |
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