Term
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Definition
| Single Large Or Sever Small |
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Term
Many wildlife populations that were once:
numerous, widespread and occupied contiguous habitats are not what? |
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Definition
| small, restricted in distribution and isolated from each other. |
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Term
| What are some genetic processes that affect small populations? |
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Definition
- inbreeding depression
- genetic drit and loss of genetic diversity
- monopolization by a small number of males in polygynous mating systems
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Term
| What is the allee effect? |
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Definition
| higher mortality and lower fertility in very small populations |
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Term
| What are the demographic processes in small populations? |
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Definition
1. mortality rate (new born, juveniles, adults)
2. Reproduction rate (litter size, number of litters per year)
3. sex ratio2 |
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Term
| Are catastrophes dangerous in a small populations |
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Definition
| whether local or regional, an example is 1 of the 2 whooping crane population was decimated by a hurricant in 1940 and soon after went extinct. |
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Term
| What happened to Krakatau? |
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Definition
In the late 1800s, an Island underwent a a violent volcanic eruption that created a tsunami 40 m in height washing away villages killing 40k people.
Rakata was the only remaining part of the island that was sterile. |
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Term
| Did life ever develop again on Rakata? |
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Definition
| 9 months after a biologists found a few shoots of grass. In 1919 there were patches of forests and by 1929 most of the island was forested via colonization of species arriving on this island from nearby mainlands. |
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Term
What are the two major points illustrated by the history of Krakatau?
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Definition
- Local populations are continuously subject to the twin processes of colonization and extinction
- communities are continuosly changing. Even when the number of species in the community is static, the composition of the community is not.
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Term
| What are the two paradigms for conservation biology? |
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Definition
1. The equilibrium theory of island biogeography of MacArthur and Wilson
2. Metapopulation Ecology
- both having similar assumptions |
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Term
| When a habitat patch undergoes local extinction, what counteracts it to balance it out? |
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Definition
| Immigration from other local populations |
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Term
| What is mainland-island metapopulation? |
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Definition
| Mainland is the source of species and never suffers from extinction. The mainland does not benefit from the island species. Movements among islands are not seen as important. |
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Term
What is S = CA^z ?
What is the log of the equation for a straight line? |
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Definition
Island biogeography theory showing a relationship btw the number of species and the area of an island or habitat patch.
A = area
S = the number of species on the island
Log S = Log C + z LogA |
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Term
| What is the Z value in the MacArthur and Wilson of the island biogeography? |
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Definition
Z value is the slope that remains fairly consistent
depending on true oceanic islands vs. habitat islands. |
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Term
| What is the Species-Area Relationship? |
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Definition
based on a log-log scale there is an expected linear relationship between the
number of species found on an island
and
the area around the island
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Term
| What is seen in the number of species as the area of an island increases? |
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Definition
| The number of species increases as the area increases |
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Term
| What are the two contrasting processes that effect the number of species on an island? |
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Definition
1. immigration
2. local extinction |
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Term
| What are the reasons for the increase of number of species and decrease of new species? |
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Definition
1. many immigrants will belong to already population species on the island
2. New r-selected species that arrive may lack the competitive ability to survive in a crowded environment. |
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Term
| Would the immigration curve concave or convex and why? |
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Definition
| Concave b/c most rapid dispersers will arive first. |
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Term
| Would the extinction rate be high or low initially during succession of an island? |
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Definition
| low b/c there are many open habitats. |
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Term
| What would the extinction curve look like? |
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Definition
| Exponential shape due to competition and diminishing average population sizes. |
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Term
| Where would the equilibrium number of species be found on the graph? |
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Definition
| The portion on the graph where the curves intersect (immigration and extinction) |
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Term
| What is constant in the equilibrium of the MacArthur and Wilson theory, the number of species of the identity? |
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Definition
| The number of species, the identities will have "turnovers" |
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Term
| How is the climatic climax theory different from the MacArthur and wilson Theory that the numbers of species will be constant? |
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Definition
| In climatic climax, the expectation is a fixed deterministic community and there is not expected local extinction or community changes. |
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Term
| What are two factors that can influenze the expected number of species? |
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Definition
1. size of an island
2. the distance from the mainland, the source of the species. |
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Term
| What are the three main issues of wildlife preserves? |
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Definition
1. size
2. shape
3.connectivity to other preserves. |
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Term
| How does size have an affect on how many species it can accomodate? |
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Definition
| The larger the preserve, the more species it can accomodate including large plants, large animals and all trophic levels |
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Term
| What would happen if there was one single large preserve and extinction? |
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Definition
| Extinction would cause a regional or global extinction due to no other source of the species. |
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Term
| Would the shape of a wild life preserve benefit from being circular or oblong and why? |
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Definition
| Circular, so that it will not bring the preserve into contact w/ human dominated and disturbed habitats |
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Term
| What else is important besides seasonal ranges? |
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Definition
| Corridors to allow wildlife to move from one area to another. |
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