Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Toledo PT Immunology 2
Toledo PT Immunology 2
76
Physiology
Professional
09/30/2009

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Factors that alter the body's resistance to infection
Definition
Protein-calorie malnutrition, preexisting diseases, mental stress, regular physical exercise, sleep deprivation, genetic defects in producing cells immunity
Term
Hypersensitivity
Definition
describes immune reponses which are damagin rather than helpful to the host.
Term
What causes hypersensitivity
Definition
abnormal immune response to exogenous or dogenous antigens.
Term
4 major groups of hypersensitivity diseases
Definition
Immediate Hypersensitivity (type1), Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity(type2),Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity (Type III), T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity (type IV)
Term
Type I hypersensitivity exposures
Definition
ingestion- GI and systemic responses, inhalation - responses at the level of the lung, injection - systemic response. direct contact - local response at skin
Term
What are the immediate response mediators of mast cells?
Definition
Histamines, Prostaglandin, Leukotrienes
Term
Histamine
Definition
vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, smooth muscle spasm, mucus secretion
Term
Prostaglandin
Definition
intense broncospasm, mucus secretion
Term
Leukotrienes
Definition
vasoconstriction, increase vascular permeability, smooth muscle spasm
Term
Late phase response of mast cells
Definition
(2-8 hrs)inflammation and tissue destruction occur wi/ accumulation of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes & lymphocytes attracted by cytokines (TNF, chemokines) & leukotriene B4, eotaxin.
Term
Eosinophil
Definition
major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein, which are toxic epithelial cells
Term
Anaphylaxis
Definition
refers to severe allergic reaction.
Term
Hay Fever
Definition
nasal itching & sneezing, conjunctivitis. type of anaphylaxis
Term
Asthma
Definition
broncoconstriction caused by leukotrienes & prostaglandins w/ coughin and wheezing
Term
Urticaria
Definition
allergic reaction on skin
Term
Diarrhea
Definition
allergic reaction in GI with ingestion
Term
Diarrhea
Definition
allergic reaqction in GI with ingestion
Term
Systemic Anaphylaxis
Definition
systemic anaphylaxis may occur with systemic administration of antigens. massive release of histamine & ohter vasoactive substances. choking, wheezing, SOB, due to bronchospasm and mucus secreetion. circulatory collapse w/ drop in BP due to vasodilation and blood fluid leakage into interstitial space.
Term
Treatment of Systemic Anaphylaxis
Definition
administration of epinephrine, which causes vasoconstriction & increase in Heart rate
Term
Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity
Definition
antibody interacts with antigen on surface of cells or other tissue components.
Term
3 things that antibodies cause
Definition
opsonizing cells w/ or w/o the help of complement system and facilitating phagocytosis. 2. Inflammation by activating complement system, which recruit neutrophils and monocytes. the products of complements (C5a, C3a, C3b) may lyse cells or facilitate phagocytosis. 3. Cellular dysfunction by antibody's blocking receptors or stimulating receptors.
Term
Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity (type III)
Definition
type III hypersensitivity is mediated by the deposition of Ag-Ab complexes, followed by complement activation and accumulation of PolyMorphonuclear leukocyte
Term
Examples of type III immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
Definition
blood vessels- vasculitis. Renal glgomeruli -- glomerulonephritis. Joints--arthritis. Localized area of tissues such as under the skin -- arthus reaction
Term
T-cell mediated hypersensitivity
Definition
Type IV is mediated by specifically sensitized T cells rather than by Ab. Two examples are delayed-type hypersensitivity. T-cell mediated cytotoxicity
Term
Delayed hypersensitivity (type IV)
Definition
tuberculin reaction (TB test): local erythema (redness) and induration, reaching to peak at 48-72 hrs after injection of antigen (tubercle bacilus). Intracutaneous injection of tuberculin causes accumulation of CD4+ helper T cells & macrophages. Subsequent secretion of cytokines from these cells causesa dermal edema through increased permeability of microvessels and fibrinn deposition.
Term
IFN-gamma from CD4+ T cell
Definition
activates macrophages and which perform phagocytosis
Term
IL-2 from CD4+ T cell
Definition
proliferation of CD4+ cells
Term
PDGF & TGF-Beta
Definition
from macrophages, activating fibroblasts and deposition of fibrin
Term
TNF from macrophages
Definition
acting on endothelial cells, increased secretion of nitric oxide & prostacyclin, local vasodilation, increased blood flow, recruiting more leukocytes & lymphocytes.
Term
T-cell mediated cytotoxicity (type IV)
Definition
CD8+ T cells kill antigen-bearing target cells, binding of CD8+ T cells with antigen from APC displayying class I MHC, perforin binding on the membrane of the target cells, entry of granzyme(protease). activating caspase. inducing apoptosis
Term
Examples of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Definition
rejectionof solid-organ transplants, B-cell destruction in type 1 diabetes.
Term
Autograft
Definition
a patient serving as both donor and recipient
Term
Isograft
Definition
transplantation b/n genetically identical individuals of the same species. ex.) monozygotic twins
Term
Homograft (allograft)
Definition
transplantation b/n individuals of the same species who are not genetically identical
Term
Xenograft
Definition
transplantation b/n different species, i.e., between monkeys and humans.
Term
Transplantation Rejection
Definition
process by which the immune system of the recipient of a transplant attacks the transplanted organ or tissue.
Term
T/F. Transplant rejection only occcurs through humoral immunity
Definition
False. Transplant rejection can occur through both T cell mediated or antibody mediated methods.
Term
Hyperacute Rejection
Definition
hyperacute rejection occurs within minutes after transplantation. pre-existing antibodies in recipient. transplant must immediately be removed to prevent a severe systemic inflammatory response. Prescreening antibodies against MHC & cross-matching against donor's lymphjocytes reduces incidence
Term
Acute Rejection
Definition
generally occurs around 5-10 days after a transplant. is antibody-mediated and it can destroy the transplasnt if it is not recognized and treated appropriately. Occurs around 60-75% of first kidney transplants, and 50-60% liver transplants.
Term
Chronic Rejection
Definition
describes all long term loss of function in organ transplants over a period of several months and years. characterized byb vasculopathy, interstitial fibrosis and progressive loss of organ function. vascular occlusion may occur as a result of smooth muscle cell proliferation in the intima of arterial walls.
Term
T/F chronic rejection usually responds to standard immunosuppressants.
Definition
False
Term
Graft v Host rejection
Definition
Immunologically competent cells are transplanted into reipients who are immunologically compromised. Common in bone marrow transplants. T cells from donor recognize the reipient as foreign and react
Term
Methods of improving graft survival
Definition
mathcing MHC b/n donor and recipient. immunosuppressant drugs-->cyclosporine & FK506, designed to inhibit transcription of the gene for Il-2.
Term
What is the problem with using immunosuppressant drugs in improving graft survival?
Definition
increased risk of infections & development of canceres, toxic side effects, must be used continuously to prevent rejection.
Term
Rh incompatibility
Definition
Rh- woman who has a Rh+ fetus. antibody against Rh antigen may develop. -after amniocentesis,during miscarriage or abortion, during an ectopic pregnancy, bleeding heavily durin pregnancy. If antibody formed, will cross placenta and damage Rh+ baby.
Term
Will Rh incompatibility occur in first of second pregnancy?
Definition
Second pregnancy
Term
Prevention of formation of antibodies
Definition
Rh immunoglobulin will e injected into a woman 28 weeks in pregnancy or 72 hrs. after a birth to preven development of antibodies against Rh antigen.
Term
Rh immunoglobulin
Definition
has antibodies that destory Rh antigen, preventing sensitization.
Term
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Definition
autoimmune disease with the production of antibodies against own tissues. derengement of immune sytem: T & B cells failure to maintain self-tolerance.
Term
What regions does systemic lupus erythematosus affect?
Definition
multisystems & is the disease of diverse manifestation. affects skin,kidneys, serosal membrane,joints & heart.
Term
T/F An array of antibodies are present, including antinuclear antibbodies against DNA, RNA & proteins in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Definition
True.
Term
Where can antigen-antibody complexes deposit during systemic lupus erythematosus?
Definition
glomerular basement membrane, synovial membrane of the joints, endocardium of the heart valves.
Term
What causes Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Definition
Strong genetic factors: 25% concrodance in monozygotic twins vs. 1-3% in dizygotic twins. Environmental factors: receiving certain drugs, procainamide for a certain period.
Term
T/F SLE is very unpredictable and remission and relapsing occurr over several decades.
Definition
True
Term
What are some of the signs of SLE
Definition
malar rash, discoid rash, photosensitivityk: rash as a result of sunlight, oral ulcers, arthritis, serositis: pleuritis, pericarditis, renal disorder: persistent protinuria, neurological disorder: seizures, psychosis, hematolgoic disorder: hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, antinuclear antibody: against DNA, RNA, & nuclear proteins.
Term
Reverse Transcriptase
Definition
DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA
Term
Acute Phase HIV 3-6 weeks
Definition
flu-like symptoms: sore throat, myalgia, fever, rash. high level off virus production: viremia, wide dessemination of virus, reduction of CD4+ T cells.
Term
Acute Phase of HIV infection 3-17 weeks
Definition
immune response s/ the development of antibody, development of virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, reduction of plasma virus, virus replication continues in macrophages and CD4+ T cells, CD4+ T cells nearly to normal level
Term
Chronic Phase
Definition
continued virus repliccation, largely asymptomatic, lymphadenopathy, loss of CD4+ T cells, combinnation of the reductino of CD4+ T cells and replication of viruscause immune system decompensation, may last 7-10 years before onset of crisis phase.
Term
Crisis Phase
Definition
breakdown of immune system. increase in viremia. 1-month of fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, CD4+ t cells < 500 cells/ ul, serious opportunistic infections.(80% of deaths). Secondary neoplasm. neurological manifestations: encephalopathy. peripheral neuropathy.
Term
Progressive Encephalopathy
Definition
loss of memory and cognitive ability, inability to concentrate lethargy, and progressive loss of consciousness.
Term
What is the primary cause of death with AIDS?
Definition
Serious Opportunistic infections. Accounts for 80% of deaths with AIDS
Term
Transmission of HIV
Definition
sexual contact, infected blood transfusion, sharing of contaminated needles & seringes. mother to child.
Term
Ways that AIDS can be transmitted mother-child
Definition
major cause of pediatric AIDS, transplacental transmission, intrapartum transmission, feedingg breast milk
Term
Ways AIDS is NOT transmitted
Definition
Insect/Animal bites, touching, hugging or shaking hands, eating food prepared by someone with HIV, toilet seats.
Term
What can done to slow down the progression of AIDS?
Definition
Antiretroviral medication slows down the progression from HIV to AIDS.
Term
Antiretroviral Medications
Definition
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Protease Inhibitors, Fusion Inhibitors, Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Term
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Definition
AZT, ddC, ddl, d4T, 3TC
Term
Protease inhibitors
Definition
ritonavir, saquinivir, indinavir
Term
fusion inhibitors
Definition
fuzeon
Term
highly active antiretroviral therapy
Definition
combination of multiple drugs to attack HIV resistant to any single drug.
Term
Side effects of antiretroviral medication with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Definition
reduction in RBC, WBC, inflammation of the pancreas, nerve damage
Term
Side effects of protease inhibitors during AIDS treatment
Definition
nausea, diarrhea, GI symptoms
Term
Fusion inhibitor side effects during HIV treatment
Definition
severe allergic reactions: SOB, chills, fever, skin rash, vomiting &
BP drop
Term
Is exercise recommened for HIV/AIDS patients?
Definition
yes. positive effect. fitness level (VO2 max), muscle strength, no adverse effect on CD4+ count, reduction of fatigue, improved depression, improved quality of life, improved anxiety, positive well-being
Term
What druge may induce Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Definition
procainamide
Supporting users have an ad free experience!