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Toledo PT Genetics 2
Toledo PT Genetics 2
49
Physiology
Professional
10/20/2009

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Term
What phases of cell cycle make up interphase?
Definition
G1, S, G2
Term
What stage does the mitotic phase come after?
Definition
G2
Term
What are the stages of the mitotic phase?
Definition
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
Term
Prophase
Definition
chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled. duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined at the centromere. mitotic spindle forms, two centriole pairs move away from each other by lengthening microbubules b/n the two centriole pair.
Term
What makes up the mitotic spindle?
Definition
microtubules & associated proteins b/n two centriole pairs.
Term
Prometaphase
Definition
nuclear envelope fragments. microtubles of the spindle reach the chromosomes and become highly condensed. Chromatids get kinetochores at the centromere region. Some of the microtubules attach to the kinetochore causing chromosome into agitated motion.
Term
Metaphase
Definition
centriole pairs are at opposite poles of the cell. chromosomes convene on the metaphase plate, plane that is equidistant b/n the spindle's two poles. chromosome lie with long axis at 90 degrees to spindle axis. Cell enters anaphase when chromosomes become aligned at plate and when every kinetochore is porperly attached to a bundle of microtubules.
Term
Anaphase
Definition
begins when centromeres of chromosome move apart, liberating sister chromatids. spindle begins to move freed sister chromatidsd toward opposite poles of the cell. by end of anaphase poles have equivalent collections of chromosomes.
Term
Telophase & Citokinesis
Definition
daughter nuclei begin to form at two poles of cell. nuclear envelope formed fro mthe fragments of the parent's nuclear envelope. nucleoli reappear and chromatin fiber fof chromosome uncoils. Equal division of one nucleus into genetically identical nuclei is complete. division of cytoplasm underwqay and separate4 2 cells appear shortly after the end of mitosis.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
refers to the process of the division of germ cells.
Term
What are the phases of Meiosis I?
Definition
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I & cytokinesis.
Term
What are the phases of meiosis II?
Definition
prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II & cytokinesis
Term
In what phase of meiosis do the daughter cells become haploid?
Definition
Meiosis I
Term
When does synapsis and crossing over occur during meiosis?
Definition
During prophase I of meiosis.
Term
Crossing Over
Definition
through crossing over two members of each homolog pair exchange segments of DNA. As a result, the gene combinations on each chromosome can be changed.
Term
Metaphase I
Definition
tetrads, rahter than individual chromosomes, align on teh metaphas plate. both kinetochores of each sister chromatid pair are turned toward the same pole and attach to spindle fivers from teh same pole. homologous pairs are held together by chiasma.
Term
Anaphase I
Definition
Pair of homologous chromosomes is separated and pulled to the opposite poles of the cell. Sister chromatids of each chromosome do not separate.Go to the sample pole of the cell.
Term
What is the difference between anaphase I and anaphase of mitosis?
Definition
In mitosis the sister chromatids of each homologous chromosome separate and move toward opposite poles. During anaphase I the sister chromatids of each chromosome do not separate. they go to sample pole of the cell.
Term
Telophase I & cytokinesis
Definition
chromosomes reach the poles. each pole, there is a complete one set of chromosomes. each chromosome still has two sister chromatids. cleavage furrow appears. cell becomes divided into new two cells with separation of cytoplasm. daughter cells begin immediately to prepare for the second meiotic division.
Term
Prophase II
Definition
the chromosomes are condensed and not yet attached to the spindle fibers. the centrosomes have replicated and are moving toward the poles. spindle apparatus is growing outward from the centrosomes.
Term
Metaphase II
Definition
chromosomes move to the metaphase plate of each of the two daugher cells produced by tahe first meiotic division. 2 kinetochores of each entromere are attached to the spindle fibers from opposite poles for the separation of the sister chromatids of each chromosome during anaphase II.
Term
Anaphase II
Definition
sister chromatids of each chromosome become separated and move toward opposite poles.
Term
Telophase II & cytokinesis
Definition
chromosomes reach opposite poles and cytokinesis occurs. 2 cells produced by meiosis I divide to form four haploid daughet cells.
Term
In what phase does DNA replication occur during mitosis?
Definition
During interphase and before mitosis
Term
What is independent assortment of chromosomes?
Definition
two equally probabgly arrangements of chromosomes at between metaphase I and metaphase II
Term
How many different combinations of the chromosome arrangement are possible when N=23?
Definition
8 million different combinations
Term
Is translocation of chromosomal arms a structural or numerical abnormalitie?
Definition
Structural abnormality
Term
Euploidy
Definition
satate of having complete set of chromosome with none extra or missing
Term
Aneuploidy
Definition
state of having a chromosome number that is not a multiple of the haploid number for the species.
Term
What is monosomy?
Definition
loss of one chromosome
Term
What is trisomy?
Definition
gain of one additional chromosome
Term
Which chromosome is trisomy in down syndrome?
Definition
21
Term
Patau Syndrome
Definition
trisomy of chromosome 13
Term
Edward Syndrome
Definition
trisomy of chromosome 18
Term
Is it possible to have viable autosomal cells that have mosomy for any chromosome?
Definition
No
Term
T/F. There are other viable autosomal trisomies besides down syndrome, patau syndrome, edward syndrome.
Definition
False. Trisomy is only viable with chromosomes 21,13,18
Term
Turner Syndrome
Definition
Monosome X: only one X chromosome present
Term
Triple X syndrome
Definition
trisomy of chromosome X/
Term
Klinefelter's syndrome
Definition
47 XXY --> womanly man
Term
What does "p" stand for in cytogenetic notation?
Definition
short arm of chromosome
Term
What does "q" stand for in cytogenic notation of chromosome?
Definition
long arm of chromosome
Term
Translocation
Definition
transfer of a part off one chromosome to another chromosome. usually fragments are exchanged b/n two chromosomes (reciprocal exchange).
Term
Balanced reciprocal translocation
Definition
original length of the chromosome is kept as before after the translocation.
Term
Centric Fusion Translocation
Definition
b/n acrocentric shromosomes, which has a centromere located near at one end of the chromosome. One very large chromosome formed and one very small lost, resulting in 45 chromosomes.
Term
Isochromosomes
Definition
the centromere divides horizontally instead of vertically. one of two arms of the chromosome is lost. one could have two short or long arms. common isochromosome involves two long arms of X chromosome.
Term
Inversion of chromosome structure
Definition
a segment reunites to the original chromosome after a complete turnaround
Term
Ring chromosome
Definition
after a loss of segment from each end of the chromosome, the arms unite to form a ring.
Term
Does meiotic nondisjunction of Down Syndrome occur in the sperm or in the developing oocyte?
Definition
Developing oocyte.
Term
What are the signs/symptoms of Down Syndrome?
Definition
Mental retardation, Flat Facial profile: wide face, low brdiged nose, slanted eyes, epicanthic fold, macroglossia, Abnormal extremities: usually arms & legs are short, fith finger is shorter and crooked
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