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| Cell migration in the early embryo (around day 15) forms three layers of cells, the embryonic tissues or germ layers. Imagine a stack of three pancakes on a plate. Cell from theses three layers will move and combine to make organs of the body. |
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| the innermost or deepest layer ( in contact with the plate) is the endoderm, which will form the lining of the digestive and repitatoy system. |
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| which will form muscles and connective tissues. |
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| which will give rise to the nervous system and the epidermis of the skin. |
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| theses acts as independent (individual), mobile cells called messenchyme. |
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| are composed of two or more types of cells, working towards a common function. There are (mercifully) only 4 classes of tissues in the adult: muscular, nervous, epithelial and connective |
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| Muscular or muscle tissues |
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| is responsible for the movements in the body external and internal |
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| Properties of muscles tissues |
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contractility ( it can shorten / contract) extensibility ( it can be stretched) elasticity ( it will snap back to its original sizes after stretching) irritability or responsiveness ( it will respond to a nerve impuse) |
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| generally moves the skeleton (bones), although some facel skeletal muscles move skin - these are striated (striped) and under voluntary (conscious) control generally amitotic ( cannot devide) |
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| - Skeletal Muscle - smooth muscle - cardiac muscle |
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| is found in the walls of the organs ( reproductive, digestive, blood vessels, etc) it is not striated and is under involuntary control, somewhat mitotic. |
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| is only found in the walls of the heart - it is striated but under involuntary control ( few people can consciously slow down or speed up their heart rate) amitotic |
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makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is capable of initianing and transmitting electrical signals (nerve impulses) is carrying out all higher mental functions ( memory, math skills, speech etc.) |
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| neurons = actually deal with the nerve impulses, think, ect (amitotic) neuroglia = make up 80% of nervous tissues, protect and from the structure of nervous tissues (mitotic) |
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| epithelial tissues or epithelium |
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covers all surfaces and lines the interior of all hollow organs. All glandular tissues is epithelium (glandular epithelium). The side facing the open area is the apical side, and the side furthest from the open area is the basal side. The lateral side abuts the neighboring cell. Layers of cells are held together by several types of binding proteins - cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are transmembrane glycoproteins that extend out from the plasma membrane and attach to identical molecules on neighboring cells (rather like grappling hooks). Epithelial cells also form desmosomes, tight junctions (to prevent material from slipping past protective layer of cells), and gap junctions (for rapid exchange between cells) |
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| epithelial tissue that contains no blood vessels. |
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| since living cells need nutrients, oxygen, and wate removal, an epithelium depends of diffusion from a vascular connective tissue directly below it to fulfill these needs. |
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| Between the epithelium and its connective tissue lies a layer of extracellular material |
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| is responsible for protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion in the body. Because of their exposed location, epithelial cells must divide often ( highly mitotic) and carry out much of wound repair. |
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| type of epithelial tissues |
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simple epithelium = one layer stratified epithelium = more than one layer cuboidal = cells are cube - shaped (as tall as they are wide) columnar = cells are taller than they are wide (colums) squamous cells look squashed - very little height , design for difussion across the cell |
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they can change condition inside the body, there are two types of glands exocrine & endocrine. |
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| group of glands produce secretions like sweat, digestive enzymes and milk, their products are deliverd to a surface through a duct (tubular passageway. most are multicelluar, but the globet cells that make mucus are just one cell (unicellular). |
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| make hormones, which enter the blood as it flows in capillaries (the smalles blood vessels through the gland. |
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is the most diverse. it is usually highly vascular, rich in extracellular matrix, and is less cellular than the other three tissues. It is mainly responsible for binding, support, protection, space filling, and the storage water, fat and calcium, although one type of blood is also resposible for transport. There are many types of connective tissues: blood bone cartilage etc. |
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are a combination of epithelium and the connective tissues supporting it. they are therefore simple organs, there are four types: cutaneous membranes mucous membranes serous membranes synovial membranes
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cover the external body surface (skin is largely cutaneous membrane) outermost layers of the cells is dead and fry deals with external environment outside the body |
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| line all orifices passageways connecting the body interior with the external environment) abundant mucus glads / goblet cells produce mucus to prevent desiccation and protect from pathagens, dirt etc. |
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| line internal body cavities and cover internal organs (these membranes have no contact with external environment |
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| line the synovial cavities of synovial joints and secrete synovial fluid a lubricationg fluid rich in hyaluronic acid |
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