Term
| Intrinsic Factors that make up a predisposed athlete (4) |
|
Definition
age
flexibility
previous injury
somatotye |
|
|
Term
| how does a predisosed athlete become a susceptible athlete |
|
Definition
| exposure to extrinsic risk factors |
|
|
Term
| What leads a susceptible athlete to an injury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 broad categories of tissue types |
|
Definition
epithelial
nervous
muscle
connective |
|
|
Term
| epithelial tissue is divided into what 2 subcategories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| simple and stratified epithelial tissues are divided into what 3 sub categories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle is divided into what 3 subcategories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| connective tissue is divided into what 2 subcategories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loose connective tissue is divided into what 4 sub categories |
|
Definition
fibroelastic
areolar
reticular
adipose |
|
|
Term
| dense connective tissue is divided into what 2 subcategories |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| role of epithelial tissue (5) |
|
Definition
lining
absorbs
secretes
transports
excretes
protects |
|
|
Term
| is epithelial tissue vascular or avascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is epithelial tissue nourished |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1 layer of epithelial tissue is called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2+ layers of epithelial tissue is called what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is nervous tissue formed from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nervous tissue is irritable and reacts to what (3) agents |
|
Definition
chemical
mechanical
physical |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle examples (3) |
|
Definition
walls and tubes of arteries
intestines
respiratory system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| components of smooth and skeletal mm. striated in appearance but involuntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| similarities and differences between skeletal and cardiac mm |
|
Definition
both striated
skeletal voluntary
cardiac involuntary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 7 connective tissue cell types |
|
Definition
fibroblast
chondroblast
osteoblast
osteoclast
mast cell
adipose
mesenchyme |
|
|
Term
| fibroblasts make up what type of connective tissues (4) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fibroblasts create mostly what type of collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differentiated fibroblast in cartilage |
|
|
Term
| chondroblasts produce mostly what type of collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differentiated fibroblast in bones |
|
|
Term
| Osteoblasts produce what type of collagen and what 1 other substance |
|
Definition
Type 1 collagen
Hydroxyapatite |
|
|
Term
| What are osteoclasts derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are osteoclasts found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of osteoclasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are mast cells found |
|
Definition
| various connective tissues |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of mast cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into any connective tissue cells |
|
|
Term
| where is mesenchyme found |
|
Definition
| in embryo and bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| the collagen types discussed are all what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of collagen is the majority type (90%) within the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type I collagen makes up what types of connective tissue examples (9) |
|
Definition
tendons
bone
ligament
skin
annulus fibrosis
mensici
fibrocartilage
jt capsule
cornea |
|
|
Term
| type II collagen makes up what connective tissue exampls ((3) |
|
Definition
hyaline articular cartilage
nucleous pulposus
vitreous humor (eyeball) |
|
|
Term
| type 3 collagen makes up what types of connective tissue examples (4) |
|
Definition
skin
vessels
tendon
ligament |
|
|
Term
| type 5 collagen tissue examples (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyaluronan
chondroitin sulfate |
|
|
Term
| what does hyaluronan make up (4) |
|
Definition
synovial fluid
loose connective tissue
healing connective tissue
cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large proteoglycan aggregates |
|
|
Term
| what would you take to supplement hyaluronan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does chondroitin sulfate make up |
|
Definition
cartilage
bone
tendon
ligament |
|
|
Term
| which is the most abundant GAG |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does chondroitin sulfate increase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| supplment for chondroitin sulfate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a dense (irregular) connective tissue (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 examples of dense REGULAR connective tissue |
|
Definition
ligaments
tendons
aponeurosis
cartilage
bone |
|
|
Term
| how does dense irregular connective tissue look like |
|
Definition
occurs in sheets
fibers interlacing to form a coarse tough feltwork |
|
|
Term
| describe how dense regular connective tissue looks like |
|
Definition
| fibers are densley packed and lie parallel to each other forming structures of great tensile strength |
|
|
Term
| loose connective tissue contains a variety of cells which are mostly for participation in what |
|
Definition
| the body's defense mechanism (mast, wbc) |
|
|
Term
| where does loose connective tissue usually present |
|
Definition
beneath epithelia that cover the surface
line the internal cavities of the body |
|
|
Term
| 3 components of connective tissue |
|
Definition
cells (Fixed and Wandering)
Extracellular Matrix
Fluids |
|
|
Term
| the extracellular matrix consists of fibers and ground substance. what do the fibers consist of? (3) |
|
Definition
collagenous (I-XX)
elastic
reticular |
|
|
Term
| the extracellular matrix consist of ground substance and fibers. what does the ground substance consist of (2) |
|
Definition
proteoglycans
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
|
|
Term
| role of fixed (resident) CT cells (2) |
|
Definition
synthesis, assembly, and organizaiton of the extra cellular matrix
produce collagen and other fibers |
|
|
Term
| what do osteoblasts produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of collagen is osteoid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteoblasts are responsible for what in regards to the osteoid matrix |
|
Definition
| mineralization of the matrix |
|
|
Term
| wandering migratory connective tissue cells originate from what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 8 examples of wandering migratory cells |
|
Definition
macrophages
monocytes
lymphocytes
plasma cells
mast cells
basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils |
|
|
Term
| functions of wandering cells (2) |
|
Definition
allow self repair
protect tissues by providing inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
phagocytosis
ingest foreign particles, old RBC, microorganisms |
|
|
Term
| where are leukocytes usually found |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymphocytes accumulate wherever there is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are lymphocytes commonly found |
|
Definition
| in the connective tissue which supports the lining of the respiratory and digestive tract |
|
|
Term
| what wandering CT cells is responsible for the immune response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mast cells are located in the vicinity of what (3) |
|
Definition
blood vessels
respiratory airways
peritoneal lining of the body cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood anticoagulant
vasodilation or vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| leukocytes are all produced and derived from what |
|
Definition
| bone marrow cell known as the hematopoietic stem cell |
|
|
Term
| mast cells contain many granules rich in what (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wandering CT cell known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mast cells also play an important role in what in addition to their role in allergy and anaphylaxis |
|
Definition
| wound healing and defense against pathogens |
|
|
Term
| what are the fibers of the extracellular matrix (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers are found in greater numbers in what tissue types |
|
Definition
| in ligaments and tendons where the need for tensile strength and flexibility is greater |
|
|
Term
| what estabilishes the physical characteristics of the connective tissue |
|
Definition
| ratio of cells to extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: principal and most abundant fibers of CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: collagen subunits |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: collagen is known for its what (2) |
|
Definition
tensile strength
elasticity |
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: collagen is produced by what (3) |
|
Definition
fibroblasts
osteoblasts
chondroblasts |
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: how many different types of colalgen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: how many collagen types predominantly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: characteristics of Type I collagen (8) |
|
Definition
most abundtant
skin
bone
tendon
ligament
meniscus
dentin
cornea of eye |
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: characteristics of type II collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: characteristics of type III collagen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: reticular fibers are formed from what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: characteristics of reticular fibers (2) |
|
Definition
network of mesh like pattern
mostly loose connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce collagen and other fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce and develop matrix for new bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secrete the major component of cartilage, the ECM |
|
|
Term
| how does a chondroblast turn into a chondrocyte |
|
Definition
| when a chondroblast becomes entrapped in the ECM that it secretes, it becomes less active in producing ECM and turns into a chondrocyte |
|
|
Term
| chondroblasts and their role in bone formation (2) |
|
Definition
endochondral ossification
longitudinal bone growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does tropocollagen form collagen fibrils |
|
Definition
| tropocollagen molecules polymerize to form collagen fibrils |
|
|
Term
| collagen fibril vs compressive force |
|
Definition
| little resistance, will collapse |
|
|
Term
| collagen fibril vs a pulling force |
|
Definition
| high tensile stiffness and strength, will have great resistance |
|
|
Term
| what gives collagen its high tensile strnegth |
|
Definition
| crosslinks between tropocollagen molecules |
|
|
Term
| structure of a trpocollagen unit |
|
Definition
| 3 alpha chains in a helix |
|
|
Term
| tropocollagen alpha chains in bone |
|
Definition
| 2 chains are identical (type I collagen) |
|
|
Term
| tropocollagen alpha chains in cartilage |
|
Definition
all 3 are identical
type II collagen |
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: elastic fibers compared to collagenous fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: how much can elastic fibers be stretched |
|
Definition
| to 150% of their resting length |
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: how will elastic fibers appear |
|
Definition
| as bundles but most arranged in random fashion |
|
|
Term
| ECM fibers: elastic fibers are commonly found where (2) |
|
Definition
elastic ligametns of spinal cord
arteries |
|
|
Term
| material that surrounds the cells and fibers of connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ground substance is made up of what (2) |
|
Definition
pretogelycans (PG)
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
|
|
Term
| role of ground substance (2) |
|
Definition
barrier to microorganisms
allows the transport and storage of many soluble substances (nutrients) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| core protein with 1 or more covalently attached GAG chains |
|
|
Term
| what is the "filler" substance existing between cells in an organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are glycosaminoglycans |
|
Definition
| long unbranched polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| some examples of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) include (3) |
|
Definition
heparin (anticoagulant)
hyaluronate (component of synovial fluid)
chondroitins (found in connective tissues, cartilage, and tendons) |
|
|
Term
| filtrate of blood that resides in interstitial space of intertwined PG and GAGs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aids in transport of materials between the capillaries and cells in the ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cortical (compact, outer layer)
trabecular (cancellous-spongy, inner layer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high % body weight
important in hematopoiesis |
|
|
Term
| bone develops from what cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
resting cells near the secondary ossification center
undifferentiaed cells are transported here |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell division area
cells are longitudinal and account for increase height of growth plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maturation zone is hypertrophic chondrocytes that secrete ECM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calcification of cartilage matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chondrocyte death leads to primary spongiosa |
|
|
Term
| how is secondary spongiosa formed |
|
Definition
| further work of osteoblasts replaces the dead cartilage yields secondary spongiosa which yields bone |
|
|
Term
| what forms the midshaft region of bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the active growth region of developing bone is responsbiel for what |
|
Definition
| primary site of bone expansion and is therefore the primary site for long bone growth |
|
|
Term
| Layers of bone from superior/inferior to middle |
|
Definition
| epiphyesal, metaphyseal, periosteal, nutrient/diaphyseal |
|
|
Term
| Where are osteoblasts located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| once osteoblasts produce enough matrix what do they do (3) |
|
Definition
die
become bone lining cells
become osteocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pervade the bone cortex
fills in the area with matrix |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of having osteocytes, lining cells, and osteoblasts forming a syncytium? |
|
Definition
| aloows for communcation for physiologic processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
woven
primary (lamellar) bone
primary bone (primary osteons)
secondary bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| without preexisting membrane, bone or cartilage model |
|
|
Term
| primary bone (lamellar) deposition |
|
Definition
| membrane or cartilage foundation |
|
|
Term
| primary bone (primary osteons) deposition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| secondary bone deposition |
|
Definition
| replacement of preexisting bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary bone (lamellar) example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary bone (primary osteons) example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
