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Thyroid Metabolic Hormones, Adrenal Hormones
Wacker 6/8/11 lecture 1 hr
50
Physiology
Undergraduate 4
06/06/2011

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Term
1) hypothalamus releases TRH
2) the AP releases TSH
3) thyroid is stimulated to release T3/T4
Definition
describe the path of thyroid hormone release starting with hypothalamus stimulation
Term
iodine (iodination of tyrosine must occur)
Definition
what element is necessary for synthesis of the thyroid hormones?
Term
retinoid X (it acts as a TF to open DNA for transcription)
Definition
when T4 is activated it loses an iodide to become T3, it binds to a receptor in the nucleus then activates transcription factors that increases gene transcription, what important co-receptor is needed for this process?
Term
-increase in cellular metabolism (anabolism, catabolism, and metabolic rate)
- increased mitochondrial activity, size, and number
- increases Na+/K+ ATPase pump
Definition
what does a release of thyroid hormones cause metabolically?
Term
- promotes growth (and development of brain)
-increased carb metabolism ( ++ glucose uptake, use, formation)
-increased fat metabolism
- increased cholesterol excretion
Definition
how do thyroid hormones affect growth, carb metabolism, fat metabolism, and cholesterol excretion?
Term
- promotes growth (and development of brain)
-increased carb metabolism ( ++ glucose uptake, use, formation)
-increased fat metabolism
- increased cholesterol excretion
Definition
how do thyroid hormones affect growth, carb metabolism, fat metabolism, and cholesterol excretion?
Term
low: thyroid hormones help with cholesterol excretion so if they are low you will retain cholesterol
Definition
what causes atherosclerosis, high thyroid hormones or low?
Term
cardio:
-increases blood flow and cardiac output
-increases HR
-increases heart strength

respiratory: increases RR and depth
Definition
what do thyroid hormones do to the cardiovascular system and respiratory system?
Term
temperature changes
emotions (strong emotions inhibit it)
Definition
what stimulates TRH release?
Term
temperature changes
emotions (strong emotions inhibit it)
Definition
what stimulates TRH release?
Term
hyperthyroidism - antibodies stimulate the thyroid by binding to and activating TSH receptors
Definition
what can be caused by an autoimmune reaction (Grave's disease)? how?
Term
- hyperexcitable(brain) -> paranoia
- increased sweating
- weight loss
- muscle weakness
- tremors of the hands
- exophthalmos (weak eye muscle + edema -> bulging
- GOITER
Definition
what are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Term
- an autoimmune disorder that destroys the thyroid gland
-iodine insufficieny
Definition
what are the causes of hypothyroidism?
Term
- sluggish
- fatigue
- slowed HR
- decreased CO
- myxedema (increased extracellular fluid -> swelling of the face)
- goiter
- TSH still produced (no feedback)
- no T3/T4 production
Definition
what are the symptoms of HYPOthyroidsim?
Term
cretinism
Definition
name the condition that is caused by hypothyroidism in the young leading to small bone growth and mental retardation
Term
hypothyroidism
Definition
which has high TSH and high TRH hyper or hypothyroidism?
Term
hyper
Definition
which has low TSH and low TRH, hyper thyroidsim or hypo?
Term
calcitonin
Definition
what hormone causes decreased osteoclast activity so that less calcium is resorbed from bone, and reduces formation of new osteoclasts, thus causing blood calcium levels to drop?
Term
PTH
Definition
what hormone has the opposite effect of calcitonin, but is stronger?
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
where is calcitonin secreted?
Term
1) ca++ 99% in bone, PO4 85%
2) Ca ++ 1% in cells/organs, PO$ 14%
3) 0.1% ca++ in extracellular fluid, PO4 <1%
4) ca++ is tightly regulated, PO4 is not tightly regulated but helps with acid/base balance
Definition
compare calcium to phosphate in how much is 1) stored in bones, 2) in cells/organs 3) in extracellular fluid 4) how tightly regulated it is
Term
1) bone formation
2) muscle contraction
3) blood clotting
4) cell signaling (Phospholipase C path)
5) nerve transmission
Definition
what is calcium used for in the body (list 5 things)
Term
1) promote bone formation
2) energy (ATP)
3) acid/base balance
4) cell signaling (receptor tyrosine kinase)
Definition
what are the effects of phosphate in the body (list 4)
Term
chief cells of the parathyroid glands, they have receptors that sense calcium levels
Definition
what cells secrete PTH? why?
Term
blood Ca++ levels: increased
kidney: promotes Ca++ reabsorption in the tubules, and phosphate excretion
promotes 1,25, dihydroxyvitamin D formation (helps ca++ reabsorption

bone: increases absorption of Ca++/PO4 FROM bone

intestines: increases Ca++/PO4 reuptake (via vitamin D)

so Ca++ blood levels increase, Phosphate decreases because it is resorbed and excreted
Definition
what does PTH do to the kidney, bone, and intestines, blood calcium?
Term
skin (UV light) does cholecalciferol to calcetriol D3
intestines take it in
liver converts it to 25 hydroxycholecalciferol and stores it
kidney converts 25 hydroxy to 1,25 (the active form) with PTH
Definition
where does vitamin D come from?
Term
high calcium
Definition
what inhibits PTH secretion and vitamin D conversion via negative feedback?
Term
high calcium
Definition
what inhibits PTH secretion and vitamin D conversion via negative feedback?
Term
high calcium
Definition
what inhibits PTH secretion and vitamin D conversion via negative feedback?
Term
blood Ca++ levels: increased
kidney: promotes Ca++ reabsorption in the tubules, and phosphate excretion
promotes 1,25, dihydroxyvitamin D formation (helps ca++ reabsorption

bone: increases absorption of Ca++/PO4 FROM bone

intestines: increases Ca++/PO4 reuptake (via vitamin D)

so Ca++ blood levels increase, Phosphate decreases because it is resorbed and excreted
Definition
what does PTH do to the kidney, bone, and intestines, blood calcium?
Term
high calcium
Definition
what inhibits PTH secretion and vitamin D conversion via negative feedback?
Term
high calcium
Definition
what inhibits PTH secretion and vitamin D conversion via negative feedback?
Term
active vitamin D (1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol)
Definition
what promotes calcium and phosphate re-uptake in the intestines, mineralization of bones, and has a weak effect on kidney reabsorption of Ca/P?
Term
low calcium can cause hypertophy
high calcium can cause it to reduce in size
Definition
what happens to the PTH in low calcium levels? high calcium levels?
Term
hypoparathyroidism
Definition
this can cause
1) decreased PTH
2) decreased plasma calcium levels and increased phosphate
3) decreased osteoclast resorption
4) hypocalcemia- muscle spasms, tetanus
Term
vitamin D or 1,25 dihidroxycholecalciferol
Definition
what is the treatment for hypoparathyroidsim?
Term
hyperparathyroidsim
Definition
what causes
1) high PTH (usually due to a tumor)
2) excessive osteoclasts (weak bones)
3) elevated blood calcium
4) kidney stones
5) hypercalciemia(depressed nerve/muscle weakness)
Term
hyperparathyroidism
Definition
what can be triggered by Vitamin D deficiency?
Term
vitamin D deficiency
Definition
what causes Rickets?
Term
Rickets
Definition
symptoms include:
1) osteomalacia (decreased bone mineralization-in adults)
2) decreased serum calcium and phosphate due to lack of sunlight or decreased vit D3
3) elevated PTH
4) excessive osteolysis due to increased osteoclast activity causing weakening of the bones
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
presents with
1) diminished bone matrix
2) decreased osteoblast activity
3) can be caused by lack of physical stress, lack of vitamin C, lack of estrogen, decreased GH, increased cortisol or malnutrition
Term
cortisol, thyroid hormone
Definition
what hormones are stimulated by a change in temperature?
Term
cortisol & GH
Definition
what hormones induce a diabetes like phenotype?
Term
cortisol
Definition
what hormones reduce protein content in skeletal muscle?
Term
graves is hyperthyroidism, so TSH is low, so is TRH
Definition
incresed HR, exophthalmos, increse T3, increased T4, increased TSH, which is inconsistent with grave's?
Term
they are taking thyroid extract because a pathology of the thyroid would cause it to swell
Definition
if a patient has high T4, low TSH, and a small thyroid gland, what would cause this?
Term
hyperparathyroidism
Definition
if a woman has high plasma calcium, generalized demineralization of bones, and broken bones around age 40, what could be the problem?
Term
Addison's
Definition
what disease causes both aldosterone and cortisol to decrease?
Term
increased both
Definition
what happens to somatostatin and somatomedin in a person with acromegaly?
Term
he better teach the rest of our phys
Definition
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