Term
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Definition
| Solid mass (blood clot) made up of blood constituents which develops in a vessel during life . |
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Term
| Constituents of a thrombus (4) |
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Definition
| Red blood cells , platelets . white blood cells and fibrin |
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Term
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Definition
| ochestrated process by which blood clot forms at sites of vascular injury which involves platelets and clotting factors |
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Term
| Virchow's Triad ( Predisposing factors of thrombosis) |
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Definition
Endothelial Injury
Hypercoagulability
Stasis or Turbulance( abnormal blood flow) |
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Term
| Abnormalities in blood flow .(2) |
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Definition
Turbulance . ( caused by ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques)
Stasis (aneurysms,myocardial infarct, mitral stenosis and atrial fibrilation and sickle cell anemia (luminal occlusion)
Hyperviscosity syndromes. |
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Term
| Stasis and Turbulance . Further endothelial injury . (3 Steps) |
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Definition
1. Disrupt laminar flow (platelets touch endothelium)
2.Retard inflow of clotting facts
3.Endothelial cell activation |
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Term
| Primary Hypercoagulable states (7) |
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Definition
| protein C &S deficiency . antithrombin 3 deficiency . factor 5 gene and prothrombin mutuations. Fibrinolysis defects . Increased levels of factor coagulative factors . |
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Term
| Secondary Hypercoagulable states |
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Definition
High Risk . Cancer ,prolonged bed rest, myocardial infarcts
Low risk . Cardio myopathy ,nephrotic syndrome,pregnancy,oral contraceptives,smoking and sickle cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| prothrombic,recurrent venous thrombosis +thromboembolism. deficiencies of anthrombic proteins . Primary hyperCoag States. |
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Term
| Antiphospholip Antibody Syndrome |
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Definition
prothrombic.
auto antibodies directed against a number of protein antigens that form complexes with phospholipids.
Ass with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
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Term
| Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation |
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Definition
Prothrombic plus antithrombic
Widespread thrombosis and heamorhage resulting from consumption of platelets plus coag factors. |
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Term
| Endothelial Injury Causes (6) |
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Definition
| ulcerated atheromatous plaques ,physical injury,infectious agents, inflammatory vascular injury, cholesterol , cigarette smoke |
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Term
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Definition
grey /white appearance (fibrin deposition plus platelet clumping )
Layered laminated line (lines of Zahn) |
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Term
| components of heamostatic process (3) |
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Definition
| Platelets, endothelial cells and coagulation cascade |
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Term
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Definition
| Platelets .fibrin plus red blood cells . |
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Term
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Definition
phlebothrombosis. invaribly occlusive
stasis thrombi (red) present predominently in lower extremeties. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not attatched to vessel wall . gelatinous .with layers . firmer with a pt of attatchment |
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Term
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Definition
Cardiac chambers.adhere to the heart wall .
causes. myocardial infarcts .arrythmia .dialated cardiomyopathy. aneurysms. |
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Term
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Definition
Thrombi that occur on heart valves .
Infective (blood borne ,infective endocarditis)
NonInfective (hypercoagulable states, non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis . eg Systemic Lupus Erthematosis |
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Term
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Definition
Dissolution
Embolism
Propagation
Organization and Recanalisation |
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Term
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Definition
| detached intravascular solid ,liquid or gaseous mix that is carried by blood to a site distant from its pt of origin |
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Term
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Definition
thrombo emboli
atheromatous plaque
vegetations on heart valves
tumour emboli
amniotic ,plus fat |
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Term
| Clinical effects depend on ? 3 factors |
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Definition
1 caliber of vessel affected
2 territory supplied by that vessel
3 presence/absence of an alternative circulation |
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Term
| Pulmonary thromboembolism |
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Definition
| Origin. leg veins(95%) ,pelvic veins intercranial venous sinuses |
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Term
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Definition
| embolus present at the bifurcation of the pulmonary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| Arise in the arterial system and embolises peripherally. Caused by (myocardial infarction,atrial fibrilation ,vegetation ,anuerysm |
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Term
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Definition
brain (transient ischaemic attacks,strokes)
other organs eg limbs( gangrene)
Ischeamia
Infarction |
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Term
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Definition
| embolised fragments of the atheromatous plaques ususally in lower limbs of arteriopathic patients |
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Term
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Definition
| Early lesions of atheroma may contain platelets only . no severe clinical sign except brain . |
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Term
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Definition
| emboli break off from infected vegetations and lodge in small vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| due to long bone fracture due to severe trauma .rapture of marrow vascular sinusoids,soft tissue injury |
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Term
| Clinical effects of fat embolism |
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Definition
| pul insufficiency ,neurologic ,renal impairment .thrombocytopenia |
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Term
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Definition
Caisson /decompression disease
Surgical intervention
suicide
Trauma . |
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Term
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Definition
more than 100mls required for clinical effect
visible bubbles in the vessels
frothy ball of fibrin and air in the right of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| amniotic fluid escaped into maternal uterine veins may lodge in the lungs causing resp distress , dyspnoea,cyanosis and cardiovascular shock leading to seizures and coma |
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Term
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Definition
| source of tumour metastasis spread . usually small and dont cause immediate physical problems . |
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Term
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Definition
eg. Contaminated IV fluid .
granulomatous may occur secondary to the foreign material |
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