Term
| Problems of inducing structure (3) |
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Definition
| the person must discover the relations among the parts of the problem ex: series completion problems and the analogy problems |
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Term
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Definition
| the person must arrange the parts in a way that satisfies some criterion. The parts can usually be arranged in many ways, but only one or a few of the arrangements form a solution ex: string problems and anagrams |
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Term
| Problems of transformation |
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Definition
| the person must carry out a sequence of transformations in order to reach a specific goal ex: finding out how a cow can cross a river (logical thinking stuff)- can be really hard |
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Term
| Barriers to effective problem solving (4) |
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Definition
1) irrelevant information
2) functional fixedness
3) mental set
4) unnecessary constraint |
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Definition
| extra information that’s not needed that leads people astray |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to perceive an item in terms of its most common use |
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Definition
| exists when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past |
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Definition
| ex: the nine dot problem people make the unnecessary constraint of thinking that they can’t go outside the box |
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Term
| Apply to problem solving (6) |
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Definition
1) trial-and-error learning
2) forming subgoals
3) solving problems by analogy
4) schemas and heuristics
5) insight
6) algoithms |
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Term
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Definition
| involves trying possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate steps toward a solution |
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Term
| Solving problems by analogy |
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Definition
| a similarity between like features of two things, on which a comparison may be base |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events |
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Term
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Definition
is a guiding principle or “rule of thumb” used in solving problems or making decisions
-common sense or experience based |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while |
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Term
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Definition
| is a procedure or formula for solving a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| involves basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind |
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Term
| Representativeness heurtistic |
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Definition
| involves basing the estimated probability of an even on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain event happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn’t occurred recently |
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Term
| Intelligence: Binet's intelligence test, why it was developed, for what reason |
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Definition
| A new type of test, developed by Alfred Binet in 1904 to screen French school children for potential academic problems. |
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Term
| WWI History of intelligence testing |
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Definition
| During World War I, the U.S. Army developed two tests that could be group-administered |
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Term
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Definition
| is a written test for literate recruits. The Alpha test had eight parts, such as analogies, filling in the missing number, and unscrambling a sentence. These types of tests have now become common in modern IQ tests. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a pictorial test for men who were illiterate or who failed the alpha. The Beta test had seven parts including running a maze, number work and the picture completion task |
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Term
| Problems with standardization |
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Definition
| Standardization means that a test provides a standard of existing norms that can be used to interpret a person’s score, The average score was set at 100 and test scores are distributed in a normal bell-shaped curve with about 68% of scores falling between 85 and 115. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the measurement consistency of a test |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the ability of a test to measure what it was measure. |
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Term
| IQ tests across cultures - Raven's "Culture-Fair" test & controversy |
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Definition
| Person is given a series of matrices and must complete each by selecting the correct symbol for the available choices. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sternberg’s theory of intelligence |
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Definition
| Has to use a mixture of these different types of intelligence. Smart people want to be challenged. Sternberg didn’t do good on a intelligence test when younger and started giving tests to his fellow classmates until he was told to stop. Find what you’re good at and don’t obsess about the things you’re not good at just try to get through them. |
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Term
| Goleman’s emotional intelligence |
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Definition
| “emotional intelligence” – the capacity to be tuned into one’s own emotions and those of others. People with emotional intelligence do well interpersonally, have less frustration, can manage themselves |
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Term
| Gardner’s multiple intelligences |
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Definition
| His theory is that traditional IQ tests measure only one aspect of intelligence, He argues that there are separate mental abilities or “intelligences” |
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Term
| Jacobson and Rosenthal self-fulfilling prophecy study |
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Definition
| They had every student in one class take an IQ test and told the teacher those that do well on this test are those that would achieve more intelligent advances. Then before the school year started they gave the results to the teacher. However they had just picked the names at random and the names they gave the teacher had nothing to do with the test. Then over the year the teacher had expected more out of them thinking that they would be smarter, friendlier, and have better behavior then the others. At the end of the year the whole class took a test again and those that were the teacher’s pets had a greater increase then those who didn’t. The teacher thinking that one group was smarter subconsciously encouraged them more which is self-fulfilling prophecy at work |
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