Term
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Definition
| To be a self regulated learner is the goal of learning. Being able to wisely set goals, monitor the process and overcome obstacles. |
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Term
| Common reasons ppl fail to meet goals |
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Definition
| dont think about why the goals are set, affective forcasting is poor(ability to predict how st will make you FEEL) Difficult to accurately predict the futre |
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Term
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Definition
| mentally taking yourself through the processes of achiving a specific goal. Helps predict obstacles |
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Term
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Definition
| How, when, and where you are going to achieve a specific goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| practive, it gets easier over time, will be more difficult at first |
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Term
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Definition
| rewards and punishments for goal setting. Priority priniciple is rewarding yourself AFTER a task is complete and strong contingency is punishing self for not completing task, loss aversion: ppl hate to loose more than the like to win. |
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Term
| Why is feedback so important |
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Definition
| Tells you what is working/now working, helps work around obstacles, predict future problems. |
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Term
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Definition
Growth: can acquire new knowledge, recognice that the brain has plasticity
Fixed: if dont know it, can't learn it, fear or looking silly or stupid when trying to learn new material |
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Term
| Can a person's mindset be changed? |
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Definition
| Students can be taught about the plasticity of the brain. |
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Term
| Why is the metaphor "empty vessel" not a good description of learning? |
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Definition
| Because learning is active, build on existing knowledge, not empty. |
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Term
| Encoding, retrieval, and elaboration |
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Definition
| Encoding is the process of learning new information, retrieval is the ability to remember that info and elaboration is adding new info to the info already stored. |
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Term
| Working Memory vs Long Term Memory |
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Definition
working memory is what you are actively thinking about, can recall 7 +/- 2 chunks
LTM is body of stored knowledge and experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| monitoring congnitive processes, how well do you know something, often inaccurate, overestimate knowledge |
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Term
| What is meant by the rich get richer in regards to learning? |
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Definition
| The more you know about something, the easier it is to acquire new knowledge of that something |
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Term
| Getting around the limitations of working memory |
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Definition
| chunk, use cues, notes etc, make it automatic |
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Term
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Definition
| shows that you only remember what you focus on (difficult to identify the correct penny because never really looked at it before) |
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Term
| Key variable for practicing that affects how long a memory is retained |
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Definition
| Distribution of practive, practive retrieving information, use feedback |
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Term
| What is meant by learning thrives on failure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| explaining to yourself how certain things work/ how well you know something. Goal is to better understand info. Active learning, relating similar knowledge etc |
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Term
| Why tell someone else what you've learned |
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Definition
| Explaining information helps learn it better. The tutor usually benefits more than the person being tutored. |
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Term
| Benefits and drawbacks of working in teams |
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Definition
Benefits: build on ideas, set higher goals, useful for learning
Drawbacks: conformity pressure, neg attitudes,hidden agendas, frustration |
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Term
| Behaviors that hinder/help teamwork |
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Definition
hinder: neg attitudes, personal attacks,jump from topic to topic, show bored
Help: pos attitude, on time/prepared, open and honest, set realistic goals |
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Term
| Facilitator Responsibilities |
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Definition
set meetings, prepares/distributes/follows agenda, helps identify goals, summarizes, checks for consensus
Keeps group on task |
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Term
| Proccess observer responsibilities |
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Definition
| notes hinder behavoirs , surfaces conflicts, evaluates PROCESS |
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Term
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Definition
| consistently achieving high levels of performance in a particular domain, takes 10000hours or 10 years. Better able to organize knowledge and problem solve in that domain. |
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Term
| Major finding in the Chess Expert example |
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Definition
| when shown typical chess piece layouts, experts were MUCH better at remembering where they were than novices. When shown non-typical layouts, they were no better than the novices |
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Term
| Expert vs Experienced non-expert |
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Definition
| expert uses problem solving to continuosly challenge self, experienced non-expert uses problem reduction to get better at a particular part until its easier and easier |
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Term
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Definition
| challenging self with intentions of improving a specific task. More deliberate practice = better performance |
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Term
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Definition
| access, feedback, decide, practice |
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Term
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Definition
Feedback is concise and to the point, not about person but about task, helps point out whats working/not.
Reflection allows to relate feedback to self and improve where needed |
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Term
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Definition
| definition, prediction, understanding, control |
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Term
| Characteristics of Scientific process |
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Definition
| emperical approach, systematic and controlled, clear operational definitions, valid and reliable, self -correcting |
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Term
| Independent variable, dependent variable, extraneous variable, experimental control and hypothesis |
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Definition
| IV: manipulated variable, DV: measured (reacts to IV), Extraneous V: outside factor, try to reduce, Experimental Control: keeping enviroment and other aspects of exp constant, Hypothesis: educated guess as to why |
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Term
| How is science self-correcting |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the impact of non-random sampling on results of research? |
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Definition
| if not random may not acuratly represent population |
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Term
| Self-fulfilling prophecy vs confirmation bias |
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Definition
| SFP is influencing others behaviors either intentionally or not and CB is only looking for confirming evidence and ignoring disconfirming evidence |
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Term
| Does correlation = causation |
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Definition
| no, other things may factor in |
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Term
| According to Ramachandra, why did Derek Steen have a sense in his phantom limb when he shaved his face? |
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Definition
| On the somatosensory homunculus the face region is right next to the arm/hand region. When loosing his arm, the sensory map expanded into the face region so as to not be unsused |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to the right visual cortex makes px uanble to see things left of the nose, but if that thing moves, they can detect the direction of movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Damage to the right parietal lobe causes person to completely ignore the left side of the world. Not entirely sensory because if their attention is drawn there, they can see it. |
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Term
| How and What visual Pathways |
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Definition
how is in the parietal lobes: grasping, navigation, spatial aspects
What is in the temporal lobes: recognizing objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| damage to the pathway from the visual to the amygdala (emotion) so no emotional reaction when see mother/ dog/ house and therefore, even thou think those things look exactly like they should, that they are imposters. |
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Term
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Definition
| Face blindness, inability to recognize faces but not blind. Fusiform gyrus in temporal lobes is damaged on both sides |
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Term
| Phantom Limb and Mirror box |
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Definition
| using the mirror box, a px with a phantom limb pain can relieve that pain by "relaxing" the phantom limb. Needs something visual to relate to and the box makes it look like it IS the phantom limb |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete color blindness, see the world in a grayscale |
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Term
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Definition
| ppl tend to do better when they practice retrieving information instead of just re-studying it |
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Term
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Definition
| using the solution/concept of one thing to relate to a completely different thing |
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Term
| What type of disorder led to John Sharon having religious/spiritual experiences? |
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Definition
| Epilepsy of the temporal lobes (siezures) |
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Term
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Definition
| woman only draws right half of a flower ect |
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Term
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Definition
| mixing of senses, a cross-wiring in the angular gyrus/fusifor gyrus |
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Term
| How did ramachandran test for synestesia |
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Definition
| number chart with 5s and 2s |
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Term
| Higher vs lower sysnesthesia |
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Definition
lower: gene expresses on fusiform gyrus, relate colors and numbers
higher: gene on the angular gyrus (higher), relates colors and week days ect |
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Term
| 1st four neuroasthetic laws of ramachandran |
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Definition
| peak shift, grouping, perceptual problem solving, isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| characature example, take whats most different and emphasize, goddess statue is the epideme of a woman |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to group similar things together, dalmation in spotty picture, have an 'Ah Ha' moment. |
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Term
| Perceptual problem solving |
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Definition
| partially hidden nude is more alluring then full spread. Like the search |
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Term
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Definition
| less is more, attention can only be applied to so much at a time, when isolate one aspect, more emphasis can be placed there |
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Term
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Definition
dualism is the idea that brain and mind are separate matter, interact (brain is physical and mind is not)
Monisim: one matter, brain activity gives rise to mind |
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Term
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Definition
| cognition, emotion, and motivation |
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Term
| Cognitive neurpsychology, neurology, and cognitive neuroscience |
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Definition
Cognitive neuropychology looks at brain damaged pxs to see changes in behaviors that result
Neurology is a med field concerned with brain pathalody (brain disease)
Cognitive neuroscience is HOW the brain processes work |
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Term
| Majore types of Neuroscience research methods |
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Definition
| single cell recording, EEG, ERP, neuroimaging: CT, MRI, fMRI, PET |
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Term
| Difference between structual and functional neuroimaging |
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Definition
structual looks at brain anatomy: MRI, CT
Functional looks at processes: fMRI, PET |
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Term
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Definition
Soma: cell body
Axon: sends signals
Dendrites: receive signals
Synapse: gap between dendrite end and axon
Terminal button:synaptic knob, point where neuron ends
neurotransmitters: communicate across the synaptic gap |
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Term
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Definition
Occipital lobe: visual
parietal lobe: somatosensory, some motor, some visual
temporal lob: auditory, language, some visual
frontal lobe: executive, planning, reasoning WM and motor control |
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Term
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Definition
| map on the brain where each body part is felt, not true to human form (head next to hands) |
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Term
| What is the hippocampus responsible for? |
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Definition
| STM and spatial nvaigation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| communicates between the hemispheres |
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Term
| According to William James, what is conciousness? |
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Definition
All thoughts and feelings, awareness of being aware.
2 parts: Access (control, intent) and Phenomenal (experience, feeling etc) |
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Term
| The Binding problem of conciousness |
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Definition
| how do all the senses come together to form one expereince? Neurons not connected so how? Neurons that fire together, go together. |
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Term
| What happened w the px with Neglect and the mirror |
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Definition
| mirror on right side showing man with pen on left (px blind to left side) but can see the mirror, instead of reaching to left to grab pen, tries to reach through or behind the mirror. |
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Term
| What conept was illustrated by the Washing Clothes example |
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Definition
| if already know something about what is being told to you, can better understand and remember the new info no matter how vague |
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Term
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Definition
| defining something in specific terms and processes |
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Term
| What is the significance of the position of the Angular Gyrus |
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Definition
| helps with calculations of numbers and is very close to the color region |
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Term
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Definition
| experimental states, qualitative aspects of concious awareness, FEELING of something |
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Term
| What should Clever Hans and facilitated communicator warn us about? |
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Definition
| Self-fulfilling propecy, the body language of the FC can affect the behaviors/answers of the testee. |
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Term
| Concioiusness: What are the easy and Hard problems |
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Definition
easy: physically how do processes take place
hard: why we feel certain things |
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Term
| What are the implications of research on the readiness potential for our expereince of Free Will |
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Definition
| region of brain activated by ceratin act will activate a splic second before the act takes place |
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Term
| What are the five components of the self |
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Definition
| continuity, unity, ownership, free will, reflection |
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Term
| Why is metarepresentation importaten in order to lie |
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Definition
| need to put self in others shoes to see how you look to them, believable? |
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Term
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Definition
| fire when doing a specific task OR when watching someone else do same task. Discovered by experimenting on Monkeys. Critical for emotion recognition in others, helps emphasize. |
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Term
| How might mirror neurons aid in understanding autism |
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Definition
| damaged in autistic children and criticle for sophisticated social interactions |
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Term
| What dose it mean to say the percieved world is "constructed"? |
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Definition
| we see the world in glances due to the saacades in the eye, then those glances are combinded to form one flowing scene |
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Term
| What types of special mechanisms (feature detectors) do we have |
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Definition
| edge detectors,bar, moving contrast, motion, human face, scene and speech detectors |
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Term
| What are the basic human senses |
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Definition
| auditory, visual,taste, small, skin, kinesthtic, equilibrary |
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Term
| What is the basic "take home" point about Steven's Power Law |
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Definition
| change in stimulous is proportionate to change in response, but not same for all different stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous stimuli are tuned out |
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Term
| Contrast effects in perception |
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Definition
| neurologically enhancing sensory features to see the contrast in them |
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Term
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Definition
| know that things further away look smaller not are smaller, must be learned |
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Term
| two compenents of attention |
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Definition
selection: choosing what to pay attention to
capacity: how much attention is payed |
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Term
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Definition
| two stories played simultaneuously in both ears, must shadow ONE ear. person usually can remember meaningful info from NON-shadowed ear |
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Term
| What are the basic assumptions in Krahnemans' capacity model of attention |
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Definition
| attention is best at moderate arousal levels, feedback affects attention, permanent/ momentary cues affect attention, multitasking is actually switching back and forth and requires capacity |
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Term
| Automatic vs Controlled processes |
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Definition
automatic: easier, quicker, less attn resources needed, less working mem needed, lower levels of cog processes
controlled: harder, slower, more resources needed, more WM needed,higher levels of cog processes |
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Term
| Major types of action slips |
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Definition
capture error: mean to stop at store (deviate from routine) but get caught up in routine and forget
omissions: routine get's interrupted and you foget a step
perseveration: routine gets interrupted and you repeat a step
associative-activation error: right response to wrong stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| name color ink of color words, difficult to supress AUTOMATIC process of reading the word |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to detect change from one scene to the next, researching by direction exp and gorilla/bball exp. |
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