Term
| What are the 7 characteristics that describes living organisms? |
|
Definition
Order
Response to environment
Growth and development
Reproduction
Evolutionary adaptation
Regulation
Energy processing |
|
|
Term
| What are the themes in Biology? |
|
Definition
Evolution is the ultimate theme of Biology
New properties emerge at each level of the biological hierarchy
Organisms interact with their environments, exchanging energy
Structure and function are correlated
Cells are the basic units of life
The continuity of life is based on DNA |
|
|
Term
| How is a prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
| A prokaryotic cell has no nucleus, a prokaryotic cell is normally smaller, and it doesn't contain membrane-bound organelles. |
|
|
Term
| What is Negative Feedback? |
|
Definition
| Negative Feedback is where a change in a state decreases the input |
|
|
Term
| What is Positive Feedback? |
|
Definition
| Positive feedback is when a change in a state increases the input |
|
|
Term
| Which feedback system is the most common found in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is evolution important? |
|
Definition
| It's why there's unity and diversity of life |
|
|
Term
| What are the three Domains? |
|
Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
|
|
Term
| What are the bonds found in water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the electronegativities of O, N, C, and H relative to each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bonds that form when a hydrogen is attracted to a highly electronegative atom |
|
|
Term
| What are the emergent properties of water? |
|
Definition
Cohesive
Moderates temperature
Expands when it freezes
Solvent of life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrogen bonding! The hydrogen bonds hold the molecule together |
|
|
Term
| Why does water have a high specific heat? |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen bonding! The heat has to break the hydrogen bonds first before the molecules can speed up. |
|
|
Term
| Why does water have a high heat of vaporization? |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen bonds! The bonds have to be broken before water can pass to the gas phase. |
|
|
Term
| Why does water expand when it freezes? |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen bonding! The hydrogen bonding keeps the water molecules far apart from each other so it takes up more space. |
|
|
Term
| What is the max number of hydrogen bonds a water molecule can form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is water a versatile solvent? |
|
Definition
| It's polarity. The water ions bind to the solute's ions and surrounds it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The substance that dissolves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an aqueous solution? |
|
Definition
| A solution where water is the solvent |
|
|
Term
| What is a hydrophilic substance? |
|
Definition
| A substance that has an affinity for water |
|
|
Term
| What is a hydrophobic substance? |
|
Definition
| A substance that doesn't have an affinity for water |
|
|
Term
| What is an amphipathic substance? |
|
Definition
| A substance that has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties |
|
|
Term
| What is hydrophobic exclusion? |
|
Definition
| When hydrophobic substances are excluded away from hydrogen-bonded network. Hydrophobic substances pool away together away from water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Measured with molarity, the number of moles per liter of solution |
|
|
Term
| Dissociation of water molecules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An acid is a substance that increases the [H+] in a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A base is a substance that decreases the [H+] in a solution |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between [H+] and [OH-]? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a neutral solution? |
|
Definition
| A neutral solution is where [H+]=[OH-] |
|
|
Term
| What is an acidic solution? |
|
Definition
| A solution where [H+]>[OH-] |
|
|
Term
| What is a basic solution? |
|
Definition
| A solution where [H+]<[OH-] |
|
|
Term
| How does each unit on a pH scale differ from each other? |
|
Definition
| Difference of n equals 10^n difference in acidity or basicity. Example, a pH of 2 and a pH of 4 have two units of difference. So pH 2 is 10^2 (100) times more acidic than ph 4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A buffer is a substance that minimizes the change in pH when it's added to a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -OH. Is polar and form hydrogen bonds with water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -C=O. Found in sugars. A ketone is a carbonyl group between two carbons. An aldehyde is a carbonyl group between a carbon and a hydrogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HO-C=O. Tends to be hydrophilic and has acidic properties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -NH(can have up to 3 three hydrogens). Acts as a base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -SH or HS-. Cysteine contains this group! Two of these groups form a disulfide bridge which stabilizes protein structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O
"
O-P-O
|
O
Helps provide the backbone for phospholipids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -CH3. Affects DNA, effects sex hormones |
|
|
Term
| Number of covalent bonds carbon can form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diversity of carbon skeleton |
|
Definition
| Skeleton can be a straight chain or be branched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Molecules with the same formula, but different structures and properties. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of isomers? |
|
Definition
| Structural, geometric, enantiomers |
|
|
Term
| Easiest way to recognize structural isomers? |
|
Definition
| Look and see what each carbon is connected to |
|
|
Term
| What are the requirements for geometric isomers? |
|
Definition
| Has to have a double bond between two carbons and the two carbons have to be attached to different atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an asymmetric carbon? |
|
Definition
| A carbon attached to 4 different groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A carbon attached to hydrogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate. It's an important source of energy for cellular processes. It contains a phosphate group, (a max of 3), a sugar, and a nitrogenous base. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trans is when the groups are on different sides of each other, and cis is when the groups are on the same sides as each other. |
|
|
Term
| What are the four classes of biomolecules? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Monomers are small molecules and polymers are many monomers put together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dehydration process! A hydrogen from monomer combines with a hydroxyl group of another monomer which binds the molecule together and releases water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydroylsis! You add water which forces the polymers apart |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
| Energy, structure, and communication |
|
|
Term
| What are the monomers of carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of monosaccharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common molecular formula for monosaccharides? |
|
Definition
| A multiple of CH2O. Contains a carbonyl group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A carbonyl group within a monosaccharide structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A carbonyl group on the end of a monosaccharide structure |
|
|
Term
| What are glycosidic linkages? |
|
Definition
| They are covalent bonds that hold monosaccharides together between carbons 1 and 4. |
|
|
Term
| What are polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
| Polysaccharides are hundreds of monosaccharides put together |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of polysaccharides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The polysaccharide found in plants that is digestible |
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of starch? |
|
Definition
Amylose - smaller structure
Amylopectin - more complicated structure, has branched linkages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polysaccharide found in animals that is highly branched and consists of glucose monomers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polysaccharide found in plants that is not digestable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We can digest starch because of the 1-4 alpha linkages of the glucose monomers. Cellulose has beta 1,4 linkages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A linkage between two glucose monomers where the oxygen is directed below |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bond between two glucose monomers where the oxygen alternates up and down between the glucoses |
|
|
Term
| Why are lipids different from the other biomolecules? |
|
Definition
| It doesn't have polymers! |
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of lipids? |
|
Definition
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of triglycerides? |
|
Definition
| Store energy, provide cushioning |
|
|
Term
| How are triglycerols constructed? |
|
Definition
| Constructed from a glycerol and 3 fatty acids. |
|
|
Term
| What is an ester linkage? |
|
Definition
| The bond between the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of a glycerol and a fatty acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fatty acid where all the carbons have the max number of hydrogens bonded to it. All single bonds |
|
|
Term
| What is an unsaturated fat? |
|
Definition
| Fatty acid contains at least a double bond. Liquid form |
|
|
Term
| What are hydrogenated oils? |
|
Definition
| Unsaturated fatty acids that have had hydrogens added to them |
|
|
Term
| What are completely hydrogenated oils? |
|
Definition
| An unsaturated fat that is now saturated |
|
|
Term
| What are partially hydrogenated oils? |
|
Definition
| A poly-unsaturated fat that is now just one unsaturated fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CIs is when the groups are on the same side of the carbon chain and trans is when the groups are on different sides of the carbon chain. Cis fats tend to bend and be more solid while trans are more straight and tend to be liquids |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of phospholipids? |
|
Definition
| Provides the structure of cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of phospholipids? |
|
Definition
| A glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group |
|
|
Term
| What is a phospholipid bilayer? |
|
Definition
| The structure that surrounds a cell. Has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of steroids? |
|
Definition
| Cell membrane structure, communication |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of steroids? |
|
Definition
| Carbon skeleton of 4 rings. They're different by the groups attached to the skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The common component of animal cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All hormones are not steroids. A hormone is defined by its function, not by it's structure |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of enzymatic proteins? |
|
Definition
| To speed up chemical reactions |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of structural proteins? |
|
Definition
| Provide structural support |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of storage proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of transport proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of hormonal proteins? |
|
Definition
| Coordinate's the body's activities |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of receptor proteins? |
|
Definition
| responds to chemical stimuli |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of contractile and motor proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of defensive proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the monomers of proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 kinds of amino acids? |
|
Definition
| Polar and charged, polar and uncharged, and nonpolar |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a generic amino acid? |
|
Definition
R
"
amino group - C - carboxyl group
It has just two carbons!!! |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids falls into the polar and charged category? |
|
Definition
(the acids and bases)
Aspartic Acid
Glutamic Acid
Histidine
Arginine
Lysin |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids falls into the polar and uncharged category? |
|
Definition
Serine
Threonine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Histine
Tyrosine |
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids falls into the nonpolar category? |
|
Definition
Tryptophan
Glycine
Alanine
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Proline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peptide bonds (by dehydration)! The polypeptide has an N-terminus and C-terminus ends (amino and carboxyl ends). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Polypeptides are just a sequence of amino acids. Proteins are amino acids that fold into a specific functional structure |
|
|
Term
| What are the four levels of protein structure? |
|
Definition
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary |
|
|
Term
| What is primary structure? |
|
Definition
| The sequence of amino acids. Due to peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
| What is secondary structure? |
|
Definition
| The folding and coiling of amino acids. Due to hydrogen bonding between parts of the backbone |
|
|
Term
| What is tertiary structure? |
|
Definition
| The 3D organization of the protein. Forms due to the interactions of the side chains (R's). Contains covalent (disulfide bridge), ionic (backbone), hydrogen, and van der Waals bonding (hydrophobic exclusion) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two kinds of secondary structure? |
|
Definition
| Alpha helix, beta pleated sheet |
|
|
Term
| What is quaternary structure? |
|
Definition
| The overall protein structure from the interaction of multiple polypeptides. Contains covalent, hydrogen, van der Waals (hydrophobic exclusion), and ionic bonding |
|
|
Term
| Which structures are seen in all proteins? |
|
Definition
| Primary, secondary, and tertiary |
|
|
Term
| What's the backbone sequence of proteins? |
|
Definition
N-C-C-N and so on
(amino, carbon, carboxyl group) |
|
|
Term
| Does protein function depend on structure or vice versa? |
|
Definition
| Function depends on structure because the protein structure spontaneously folds |
|
|
Term
| What is denaturation and what can cause it? |
|
Definition
| The unraveling of a protein. Temp changes, pH change, and salt changes can cause it. The proteins are then useless pretty much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chaperonins are structures that allows a peptide to hibernate inside it so it can fold and become a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of of RNA? |
|
Definition
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
|
|
Term
| What the functions of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
| Store, transfer and help express genetic info |
|
|
Term
| What are the monomers of nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure of a nucleotide? |
|
Definition
| A pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. phosphate group on 5' carbon from the base on 1' carbon from the sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pentose sugar plus the nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| Up to how many phosphate groups can a nucleotide have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pyrimidines have 1 nitrogenous ring, purines have 2 |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 5 bases belong to the pyrimidines? |
|
Definition
| Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine (CUT) |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 5 bases belong to the purines? |
|
Definition
| Guanine and Adinine (GA!!!) |
|
|
Term
| Which bases belong to DNA? |
|
Definition
A, G, C, and T
Adinine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine |
|
|
Term
| Which bases belong to DNA? |
|
Definition
A, G, U, C
Adinine, Guanine, Uracil, and Cytosine |
|
|
Term
| Numbering in the sugar vs in the base |
|
Definition
| Numbering of carbons in the sugar is with a prime. |
|
|
Term
| How are the RNA and DNA sugar groups different? |
|
Definition
| The RNA sugars have a hydroxyl group on the 2' carbon on the sugar, DNA just has oxygen |
|
|
Term
| How are nucleotides joined? |
|
Definition
| Phosphodiester linkages! Between the hydroxyl group on 3' carbon and the phosphate group on the 5' carbon |
|
|
Term
| What is the nucleotide backbone? |
|
Definition
| It has a sugar-phosphate backbone with a 5' end and a 3' end |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of nucleotide polymers |
|
Definition
| Polar, has a sugar-phosphate backbone, and nitrogenous base appendages, and a nucleotide sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anti-pararrel(goes in opposite directions), sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogenous bases, complementary base pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Complementary base pairs in DNA |
|
Definition
A - T Adinine - Thymine
G - C Guanine - Cytosine |
|
|
Term
| What are the common features of cells? |
|
Definition
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm and cytosol
DNA
Ribosomes
Has to obtain energy
Small |
|
|
Term
| What is the size of the cell set by? |
|
Definition
| Surface area to volume ratio. Surface area has to be bigger than volume |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 different ways to study cells? |
|
Definition
| Light microscopes and electron microscopes. |
|
|
Term
| Which which kind of electron microscope allows you to see the surface of a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which kind of electron microscope allows you to see details inside of a cell? |
|
Definition
| Transmission electron microscope |
|
|
Term
| What can you do to a cell when you're studying it under a light microscope to make it more detailed? |
|
Definition
| Stain it or add contrast. To stain it the cell has to be dead |
|
|
Term
| What is cell fractionation? |
|
Definition
| Separating cell contents by continuously spinning it in a centrifuge. In an already spun test tube, the bottom matter is called the pellet, and the top more liquidy matter is the supernatant. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of cells? |
|
Definition
| Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic |
|
|
Term
| What does the cell wall in a prokaryotic cell do? |
|
Definition
| Maintains shape and protects the cell. It also prevents bursting |
|
|
Term
| What is a capsule in a prokaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
| It's a substance that covers the cell wall and is made of peptidoglycan, a sugar and a protein. The sugar is sticky which helps it stick to other surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What are the two interchangeable names for the hair-like appendages that are on the surface of prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deliberate movements of prokaryotes away or to a stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| What is positive chemotaxis and phototaxis? |
|
Definition
| Movement towards a chemical stimulus or towards a light stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| What is negative chemotaxis and phototaxis? |
|
Definition
| Movement away from a chemical stimulus or away from a light stimulus |
|
|
Term
| What do the prokaryotes use to move? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the internal structure of a prokaryote look like? |
|
Definition
| It lacks complex compartmentalization but has specialized membranes |
|
|
Term
| How is the genomic organization of prokaryotes compare to eukaryotes? |
|
Definition
| It has a circular chromosome and it contains much less DNA |
|
|
Term
| Eukaryotic cell compared to a prokaryotic cell |
|
Definition
Larger
Has a true nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Elaborate cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main types of eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cytoskeleton in a eukaryotic cell good for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The area between the nucleus and plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What takes place in the mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does DNA information processing take place in a eukaryotic cell? |
|
Definition
| The nucleus and ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What does ribosomes make from instructions from DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two places DNA is found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the nuclear envelope? |
|
Definition
| A double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm. It has pores on it. |
|
|
Term
| What do the pores on the nuclear envelope do? |
|
Definition
| It regulates what enters and exits |
|
|
Term
| What is the nuclear lamina? |
|
Definition
| A substance that lines the side closer to the DNA in the envelope. It help maintains the nucleus' shape |
|
|
Term
| Are the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells linear or circular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is located inside chromosomes? |
|
Definition
| DNA and some protein which if you put them together is chromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are made and rRNA is made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A particle that is made up of rRNA and protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They make proteins based on the instructions from DNA |
|
|
Term
| Are ribosomes organelles? |
|
Definition
| No because they do not have cell membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| Free ribosomes and bound ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is the one difference of free and bound ribosomes? |
|
Definition
| The only difference is where they are located. The free ribosomes are in the cytosol and the bound ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Otherwise they are the same and they can switch between roles |
|
|
Term
| What are the organelles located in the endomembrane system? ie: What do the bound ribosomes make? |
|
Definition
| Endoplastic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles |
|
|
Term
| What are the organelles not located in the endomembrane system? ie: What do the free ribosomes make? |
|
Definition
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Peroxisomes
Nucleus |
|
|
Term
| How do ribosomes in eukaryotic cells compare to those in prokaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| They're larger and called 80s ribosomes. The prokaryotic cells are called 70s ribosomes. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between smooth ER and rough ER? |
|
Definition
| Smooth has no ribosomes on it and rough does (duh) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the endomembrane system (EMS)? |
|
Definition
| Regulates protein traffic (drug trafficking) and metabolic functions |
|
|
Term
| How are the membranes of the EMS related? |
|
Definition
| Either through direct physical continuity or by the connection through vesicles. However, each membrane has its own structure and function |
|
|
Term
| What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? |
|
Definition
| An extensive network of membranes |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of smooth ER? |
|
Definition
Synthesis of lipids
Carbohydrate metabolism
Calcium storage (rigor mortis example)
Detoxification |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of rough ER? |
|
Definition
Protein synthesis
Glycoprotein synthesis
Membrane production |
|
|
Term
| What is the golgi apparatus? |
|
Definition
| The cell's receiving and shipping center (post office) |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of the Golgi Apparatus? |
|
Definition
| It still behaves like a post office so just a like a post office would do to mail, the GA modifies, stores, and ships products of the rough ER. It also makes and ships macromolecules. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Golgi Apparatus made out of? |
|
Definition
| Cisternae (flattened membranous sacs) |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula and charge for a hydronium ion? |
|
Definition
H3O+
Can also be labeled as H+ |
|
|
Term
| What is the formula and charge for a hydroxide ion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which amino acids falls into the special category? |
|
Definition
|
|
