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both matter and energy are transferred
essentially a FLOW system
tip: open > open door. can walk through it |
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only energy (but NOT matter) can be transferred
tip: a closed door does not mean that noises cannot be heard on the other side |
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neither energy NOR matter can be transferred
tip: "isolated" > like solitary confinement. No communication and no leaving. |
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| the part of the universe under our direct consideration and contains ALL the matter and space DIRECTLY involved in the process under study |
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| The system and surroundings are separated by a BOUNDARY that may be real or imaginary |
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uninsulated- energy can be transferred across the boundary
tip: "di" > two, "thermal" > heat.
there are two heats to consider |
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Definition
depending on system size. typically depicted with uppercase letters.
e.g: mass and volume
tip: extensive > "external" |
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Definition
independent of system size
intensive properties with corresponding extensive properties are depicted with lower case letters
e.g: molar and specific volume, pressure, temperature
tip: in > "inside"
"it's what's on the inside that counts" |
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Definition
| describes bulk observations visible to the naked eye. A macroscopic change for a variable has the prefix: Δ |
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| scaling describes differential volume elements NOT visible to the naked eye but containing sufficient matter to be treated as continuum. Prefix: d or δ |
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| describes individual atoms, ions, and molecules and is NOT representative of a continuum. |
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processes occur at constant temperature
The system is at the same temperature as the surroundings
ex. system kept in a water bath
tip: iso > "same" |
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Definition
processes occur at constant pressure
The system is kept at the same pressure by the surroundings
ex. in a flexible container or a piston-cylinder |
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Definition
processes occur at constant volume
The system is in a rigid container |
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Definition
| A system is at the same pressure as the surroundings |
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| A system is at the same temperature as the surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
The STATE of the system (i.e. the intensive properties pressure, molar volume, and temperature) does NOT change with time. There is no NET driving force for change
only used to describe closed and isolated systems |
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Term
| 0th Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
if two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with another system then those two systems must also be in thermal equilibrium with each other
tip: if A = B and B = C then A = C |
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| 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
Heat and Work are forms of energy transfer. All the energy must be accounted for as heat, work, chemical, etc. work cannot be done without energy.
tip: "you cannot get something for nothing" |
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| 2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
An isolated system will spontaneously move towards a state of equilibrium. Thus it achieves maximum entropy.
tip: "you cannot get back to the start because entropy (disorder) always increases" |
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Term
| 3rd Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches zero. Because absolute zero is unattainable:
tip: "You cannot get out of the game" |
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A measure of how much the energy in a system "spreads out" from the initial to the final state of a process
Maximum entropy of a system is achieved at equilibrium |
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| Energy contained in molecular bonds |
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