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| McCrae and Costa's Five-Factor Model (FFM) |
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Definition
| Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism |
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| Psychoanalytical Theories |
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Definition
| Examines how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, and actions |
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| thoughts or motives person is currently aware of or remembering |
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| thoughts, motives, or memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind |
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| thoughts, motives, or memories, blocked from normal awareness |
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| Instinctual energy (pleasure principle) |
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| rational part of psyche (reality principle) |
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| the conscience (morality) |
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| Oral stage, Anal stage, Phallic stage, Latency stage, genital stage |
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| suggested that many experience an inferiority complex, which later results in a will-to-power |
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| Proposed an inherited collective unconscious consisting of archetypes |
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| development concept of basic anxiety |
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| personality develops from internal experiences and individual feelings of basic worth. Human nature is innately good with a positive drive toward self-fulfillment. Important people: Rogers and Maslow |
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| Rogers concepts Humanistic |
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Definition
| emphasizes the importance of the self: Mental health is related to the degree of congruence between the self-concept and life experiences |
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| Social Cognitive Theories |
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Definition
Personality reflects:
1) Individual's interactions with the environment
2) How people think about the world and interpret what happens to them
Key people: Bandura and Rotter |
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Definition
self-efficacy (person's learned expectations of success)
Reciprocal determinism (cognitions, behaviors, and the environment interact to produce personality) |
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Cognitive expectancies (what people expect to happen)
Reinforcement value (degree to which people prefer one reinforcer to another)
Locus of control (what people consider as source of life's rewards and punishments, internal or external locus of control) |
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| Four Methods to Measure Personality |
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Definition
| Interviews, observations, objective tests (MMPI), Projective Tests (Rorschach, TAT) |
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Definition
| Patterns of emotion, thought, and action consider pathological for one more of four reasons: statistical infrequency, disability or dysfunction, personal distress, violation of norm |
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Definition
| emphasized disease, physical illness, and humane treatment, which later developed into the medical model |
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| The diagnostic ad statistical manuel of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR) |
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Definition
| provides detailed descriptions of symptoms, contains over 200 diagnostic categories grouped into 17 major categories and five dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
| Current Clinical disorders, personality disorders and mental retardation, general medical information, psychosocial and environmental problems, and global assessment of funtioning |
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| Four major anxiety disorders |
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Definition
| Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder |
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Definition
characterized by extreme disturbances in emotional states or affect
5-HT (Serotonin) NE (norepinephrine) |
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| Two major types of mood disorders |
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Definition
major depressive disorder depressed mood that interferes with the ability to function, feel pleasure, maintain interests in life
Bipolar disorder, repeated episodes of mania and depression; cycle not even |
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| Monoamine hypothesis of depression |
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Definition
| the result of too little serotonin and norepinephrine activity in the brain |
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| Monoamine hypothesis of depression |
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Definition
| the result of too little serotonin and norepinephrine activity in the brain |
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Definition
| severe break from reality; five major areas of disturbance: perception, language, thoughts, emotion, behavior |
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Definition
| Splitting apart of experiences from memory or consciousness: Dissociative Amnesia, Dissociative Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) |
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Definition
| Presence or two or more distinct personality systems in the same person at different times |
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Definition
| inflexible, maladaptive personality traits that cause impairment of social and occupational functioning; similar in general nature to but less severe than mental disorders |
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| Types of personality disorders |
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Definition
| antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, dysthymic personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder |
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| Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| impulsive and instability in mood, relationships, and self-image |
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Definition
| techniques employed to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life: Insight, Behavior, Biomedical |
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Definition
| personal understanding; psychoanalysis/psychodynamic, cognitive, humanistic, group, family, and marital |
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| Five major techniques of psychoanalysis |
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Definition
| free association, dream analysis, analyzing resistance, analyzing transference, interpretation |
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Definition
focuses on faulty thinking and beliefs, improvement comes from insight into negative self-talk
cognitive restructuring- the process of changing destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretation |
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| Two major cognitive therapies |
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Definition
| Albert Ellis's Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT) and Aaron Beck's Cognitive-behavior therapy |
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| Ellis's Rational-emotive behavior therapy |
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Definition
| eliminates self-defeating beliefs through rational examination |
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| Beck's cognitive-behavior therapy |
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Definition
| confronts and changes behaviors associated with destructive cognitions |
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Definition
| Maximizes personal growth through affective restructuring |
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| Rogers's Client-centered therapy |
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Definition
| emphasizes client's natural tendency to become healthy an productive uses: empathy, unconditional, positive regard, genuineness, active listening |
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Definition
group of techniques based on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviors
three foundations of behavioral therapy:
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning |
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Definition
| gradual process of extinguishing a leaned fear by working through a hierarchy of fearful stimuli while remaining relaxed |
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Definition
| pairing an aversion stimulus with a maladaptive behavior |
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Definition
| successive approximation of target behavior are rewarded |
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| Four major categories of drugs |
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Definition
| anxiety (GABA), antipsychotic- treats hallucinations (DA), mood stabilizers, antidepressant |
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Term
| fundamental attribution error |
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Definition
| misjudging causes of others' behavior and attributing to internal vs external |
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