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Therapuetic Modalities
Starkey, Chad (2013-01-23). Therapeutic Modalities. F.A. Davis Company.
95
Health Care
Undergraduate 3
05/06/2015

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Term
An example of an injury caused by macrotrauma is:
Definition
Sprain
Term
This phagocyte is released immediately following
trauma to contain bacteria, but in the process destroys viable tissues:
Definition
Neutorphil
Term
Which of the following cell types is anaerobic and therefore is able to withstand a low-oxygen environment?
Definition
Macrophage
Term
After depolarization of the nerve, the period during which a stronger-than-normal stimulus is required to initiate another action potential is the:
Definition
Relative refractory period
Term
The removal of debris and temporary tissue and the growth of new, permanent tissue occur during:
Definition
Proliferation phase
Term
The rate of atrophy is accelerated through the stimulation of:
Definition
Golgi tendon organs
Term
The healing process begins with:
Definition
Inflammation
Term
All of the following aid in venous return except:
Definition
The sodium-potassium pump
Term
Which of the following structures has the poorest blood supply?
Definition
Meniscal cartilage
Term
During early stage of intervention, which type of muscle fibers should be targeted to reduce the development of atrophy?
Definition
Slow twitch (type I)
Term
According to the Gate Control Theory of pain modulation, what monitors the activity of the incoming nerves and subsequently opens or closes the gate?
Definition
Substantia gelatinosa
Term
The perception of, and the subsequent reaction to, pain occurs in the:
Definition
Cerebral cortex
Term
The amount of stimulus required to trigger the pain response in termed:
Definition
Pain threshold
Term
Pain produced by irritation of the brachial plexus due to entrapment of its roots will be felt in the arm or hand instead of the armpit. This mislocalization is closely related to a phenomenon called:
Definition
Referral pain
Term
Indicate those nerve fibers responsible for nociception:
Definition
A-delta, C fibers
Term
According to the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Function, dysfunction of the body’s functions and/or structures is termed:
Definition
Impairment
Term
A functional outcome scale’s responsiveness to change that is important or beneficial to the patient is described by the:
Definition
Minimally clinically important change (MCID)
Term
Strength, range of motion, and girth are examples of:
Definition
Clinician-based outcomes
Term
Which type of state regulation establishes the scope of professional practice, sets the minimal education standards, and protects professional roles and titles?
Definition
Licensure
Term
Whirlpools and other electrical devices that may be used in the presence of water must be connected to a:
Definition
Ground-fault circuit interrupter
Term
Employers or clinical instructors can be held liable for negligent acts of their employees or students through the doctrine of:
Definition
Vicarious liability
Term
The intentional and unwanted touching of one person by another is termed:
Definition
Battery
Term
______ is the coding system used to identify the type and nature of care provided to the patient.
Definition
CPT
Term
Which of the following would be considered when determining the actions that a “reasonable and prudent person” would have taken under similar circumstances?
Definition
Testimony of expert witnesses, The defendant’s age, education, and mental capacity, State practice regulations
Term
Which of the following modalities has the greatest likelihood of frostbite?
Definition
Reusable cold packs
Term
Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of a paraffin bath?
Definition
Skin conditions
Term
Which of the following devices uses convection as the method of heat transfer?
Definition
Whirlpool
Term
Which of the following is not a local effect of cold application?
Definition
Decreased viscosity of fluids in the area
Term
Which of the following modalities has the greatest depth of penetration into the tissues?
Definition
Ice bag
Term
Heat application by itself (i.e., without stretching exercises) is sufficient to elongate collagen-rich tissues.
Definition
False
Term
Which of the following is not a local effect of heat application?
Definition
Increased muscle tone
Term
A ____ degree F drop in skin temperature is needed to reduce the sensitivity of muscle spindles.
Definition
9
Term
As the size (area) of the body exposed to cold immersion increases, the temperature of the immersion should:
Definition
Decrease
Term
The primary reason for the use of cold during the immediate treatment of an injury is:
Definition
To decrease cell metabolism
Term
The “hunting response” has been demonstrated to occur in all body parts during cold application.
Definition
False
Term
Moist heat packs are stored in water having a temperature range between ____ and ____ degrees F.
Definition
160/166
Term
The thermal effects obtained from a moist heat pack occur up to ___ cm beneath the skin.
Definition
2
Term
If the goal of your treatment is to produce long-lasting cold within the quadriceps muscle prior to exercise (in the subacute or chronic stage of injury), which of the following modalities would be most appropriate?
Definition
Cold whirlpool
Term
A patient is standing in a warm whirlpool 100 cm deep. The water’s hydrostatic pressure at the ankle is:
Definition
73 mmHg
Term
You are attempting to cool intramuscular tissue 1 cm deep with an ice pack. There is 25 mm of adipose tissue overlying the target tissues. To reach therapeutic temperatures the ice should be applied for ___ minutes.
Definition
40
Term
Cell metabolic rate increases by a factor of two to three for each ___ degree F increase in skin temperature.
Definition
18
Term
When applying ultrasound with metered output of
4 W and an indicated beam nonuniformity ratio(BNR) of 4, the highest intensity in the beam is:
Definition
16W
Term
Which of the following is not an indication for the use of ultrasound?
Definition
Ischemic conditions
Term
Spreading of ultrasonic energy is termed:
Definition
Divergence
Term
A metered reading of 2 W per square centimeter passing through a sound head having an effective radiating area of 10 cm2 produces an output of ___ total watts.
Definition
20W
Term
The least amount of reflection of ultrasonic energy occurs between:
Definition
Water and soft tissue
Term
All of the following are nonthermal (mechanical) effects of ultrasound except:
Definition
Increased blood flow
Term
When treating the quadriceps tendon with ultrasound, what output frequency should be used?
Definition
3 MHz
Term
When cells are exposed to high-pressure ridges, their size:
Definition
?
Term
When cells are exposed to high-pressure ridges, their size:
Definition
Decreases
Term
Ultrasound that is pulsed so that it flows for 0.5 seconds and does not flow for 1 second is operating at a ____ percent duty cycle.
Definition
50
Term
Determining the treatment duration for thermal US application is most closely dependent on what other output characteristic?
Definition
Output intensity
Term
To promote extensibility, the tissues must be stretched within how many minutes after the conclusion of the treatment?
Definition
3
Term
Standard (clinical) therapeutic ultrasound generators can be employed to assist in the healing of fractures.
Definition
False
Term
Which of the following substances transmits the highest percentage of ultrasonic energy relative to water?
Definition
Ultrasound transmission gel
Term
During shortwave diathermy application, high frequency electromagnetic energy is changed to
heat by the process of:
Definition
Conversion
Term
Which of the following types of shortwave diathermy application places the athlete’s tissues within the generator’s physical circuit?
Definition
Capacitive method
Term
When using a shortwave diathermy induction drum, the drum should be positioned ___ from the patient’s skin.
Definition
1 in.
Term
The energy from a shortwave diathermy unit may scatter as much as ____ from the source.
Definition
3 ft
Term
Which form of shortwave diathermy should NOT be used over large areas of adipose tissue?
Definition
Capacitive method
Term
What four factors determine a medication’s ability to diffuse through the tissues?
Definition
Hydration
Age
Composition
Vascularity
Thickness
Term
Electrons travel from the _________, which has a _______of electrons, to the ____________, which has a ________ of electrons.
Definition
Cathode • high concentration • anode • low concentration
Term
Monopolar stimulation involves the use of active and
dispersive electrodes. The parameter that determines which electrode(s) will be active is:
Definition
The current density
Term
What is the percent duty cycle for an electrical current that flows for 30 seconds and has no flow for 10 seconds?
Definition
75%
Term
All of the following are excitable tissues except:
Definition
Meniscal cartilage
Term
Which of the following electrical stimulation currents would cause physiochemical (i.e., galvanic) changes in the tissues?
Definition
Low-voltage direct current
Term
Under normal circumstances, which of the following nerves would be the first to be depolarized by an electrical current?
Definition
A superficial large-diameter nerve
Term
Most tissues provide capacitive resistance to electrical current flow. Which of the following current types
would meet the least amount of capacitive resistance?
Definition
Alternating current
Term
An electrical stimulation protocol that uses a high pulse frequency (e.g., 120 pps), short phase duration, and applied at the sensory level is thought to activate which pain control mechanism?
Definition
Gate mechanism
Term
The electrodes from lead (A) have an area of 20 square inches; the electrodes originating from lead (B) have an area of 4 square inches. This type of application would be classified as:
Definition
Monopolar
Term
You are setting up an electrical stimulation unit to control pain through the endogenous opiate theory of pain modulation. The correct parameters for this are:
Definition
High pulse rate, long phase duration, short treatment duration, motor level stimulation
Term
Iontophoresis is a technique that introduces medication into the tissues through the use of an electric current. For this method to work, the medication must:
Definition
Have a net ionic charge
Term
Interferential stimulation is being applied with a carrier current of 4000 Hz and an interference current of
4130 Hz. The effective frequency of the current within the tissues would be:
Definition
130 Hz
Term
Which of the following conditions is a contraindication to the use of electrical stimulation?
Definition
Pain of unknown origin
Term
A high-voltage pulsed stimulator uses what type of current?
Definition
Monophasic
Term
Which of the following duty cycles is most appropriate when attempting to reeducate the quadriceps muscle immediately postsurgery:
Definition
20%
Term
In general, a tonic contraction occurs when the number of pulses per second exceeds:
Definition
30
Term
“The uninterrupted, bidirectional flow of electrons” best describes which of the following types of currents?
Definition
Biphasic
Term
In an electrical current, electrical flow consists of the movement of electrons; in the body’s tissues, therapeutic current flow consists of the flow of:
Definition
Ions
Term
A POLARITY option would be found on which of the following modalities?
Definition
High-voltage pulsed stimulator
Term
Traumatized areas and stimulation points (e.g., motor points, trigger points) display a(n) ____ resistance to current flow.
Definition
Decreased
Term
All of the following effects have been attributed to continuous passive motion (CPM) except:
Definition
Increased nutrition to the anterior cruciate ligament
Term
Intermittent cervical traction can be useful in relieving the pain associated with intervertebral disk herniations. This reduction of pain occurs by reducing the bulge of the ___________ through the __________.
Definition
Nucleus pulposus - annulus fibrosus
Term
When applying intermittent compression to an extremity, the pressure in the appliance should not exceed:
Definition
The diastolic blood pressure
Term
Electromyographic biofeedback measures:
Definition
The amount of electrical activity within a muscle
Term
Which of the following techniques produces the greatest amount of femoral blood flow?
Definition
Straight-leg raises
Term
All of the following are indications for the use of intermittent compression except:
Definition
Gangrene
Term
Which of the following types of continuous passive motion designs provides for the most joint stability?
Definition
Anatomical
Term
Light having a wavelength of 780 to 12,500 nm would be classified as:
Definition
Infrared
Term
Therapeutic laser is being applied at a total of 5 watts for 10 seconds over an area of 10 square centimeters. What is the energy density (J/cm2)?
Definition
5 J/cm^2
Term
The depth that laser energy penetrates into the body is related to:
Definition
Wavelength
Term
The body’s fascia can be elongated using
a ____________ force.
Definition
Slow, moderate-intensity
Term
In addition to the amount of force applied, what other parameters influence the effect of cervical traction?
Definition
Position of the cervical spine
Patient position
Angle of pull
Treatment duration
Term
List two reasons why separation of the vertebral column occurs at a lower percentage of the patient’s body weight in the reclining position than in the sitting position.
Definition
The force of gravity is eliminated
The cervical muscles are placed in
a more relaxed position
Term
Match the following massage strokes to method of delivery:
Definition
Tapotement- Pounding of the skin
Petrissage- Kneading of the skin
Effleurage- Stroking of the sking
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