Term
| Prevention of Insect Bites |
|
Definition
| avoid insects: clothing, environment, household; Use insect repellants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found worldwide bu mainly in humid, warm climates; live & breed near wet areas; most active in evening; Bites: cuts, probes skin injecting anticoagulant saliva, causes welt & itching, common on skin that is exposed; Carrier for: malaria, West Nile virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found worldwide, breed in humid, warm areas; parasitic; most common in dog or cat owners; Bites: multiple lesions grouped around legs & ankles; erythematous around puncture & cause of intense itching; Carrier: bubonic plague, endemic typhus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in cracks & crevices; survives for months without feeding; active at night or in dark lighting; Bites: bites on exposed skin (face, neck, hands, arms), sucks blood & secretes saliva, finishes feeding in 3-10 min & then goes into hiding; rxn varies from irritation to small skin hemorrhages, can take up to 3-6 wks to resolve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in shrubs, trees, & grass; Bites: larvae secrete digestive fluid into skin --> cellular disintegration, a red papule & intense itching, may also cause skin to harden |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs worldwide; spreads rapidly under crowded conditions where close body contact is frequent; parasitic infection; Bites: burrows into upper layer of skin & lays its eggs; Common sites: interdigital spaces, hands, feet, scalp, external male genitalia, anterior axillary folds; Symptoms: intense itching, pimple-like skin rash, severe itching, inflammation, visible burrows; distinguished by erythematous regions around bites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in woods, forests, or lawns; feed on blood of humans & animals; types: wood, dog, & deer types; Bites: mouthparts inroduced into skin, enabling it to hold firmly; if it is removed but mouthpart remains, intense itching & nodules may develop; if left attached, it becomes fully engorged & can remain for up to 10 days before dropping off; local rxn of itching papules that disappear in 1 wk; Carriers for: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme Disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use fine tweezers, wear gloves; grasp head as close to skin as possible; disinfect bite site once tick is removed; DO NOT prick, crush, or burn because it may release infected fluids; DO NOT use mineral oil, petrolatum, or other irritants because it may help to produce saliva which may contribute to infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found everywhere; all are poisonous but most unable to penetrate skin because their fangs are too short or too fragile; Exceptions: black widow & brown recluse; Black widow bites: delayed intense pain, stiffness, joint pain, abdominal disturbances, fever, chills, & dyspnea; Brown recluse: delayed intense pain, stiffness, joint pain, abdominal disturbances, fever, chills, & dyspnea as well as a spreading ulcerated wound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| best all purpose repellant; MoA: releases vapors that discourage approach of insects; DOES NOT KILL THEM; Dosing guidelines: apply every 4-8 hrs, use strength <30% in children, use strength of 10-40% in adults, do not use in children < 2 months of age; ADRs: skin irritation, CNS rxns: seizures, ataxia, hypotension, encephelopathy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effective against mosquitoes & ticks; alternative therapy; less odor & less irritating to skin; found in Cutter Advanced products; considered safe in children > 2 months old |
|
|
Term
| Nondrug Measures for Counseling Pts on Insect Bites |
|
Definition
| 1) apply ice pack promptly to bite area to reduce swelling, itching, & pain; 2) avoid scratching affected area, keep fingernails trim; 3) remove ticks with tweezers; 4) do not wear rough,irritating clothing over bite area |
|
|
Term
| Preventive Measures for Counseling Pts on Insect Bites |
|
Definition
| 1) cover skin as much as possible; 2) avoid swamps, dense woods, & dense brush; 3) keep pets free of pests; 4) apply insect repellant; 5) avoid close, physical contact with infected individuals |
|
|
Term
| Counseling Points for Topical Analgesics used in Treating Insect Bites |
|
Definition
| 1) use external analgesic to relieve pain & itching of insect bites (local anesthetics, topical antihistamines, conterirritants, hydrocortisone); 2) Apply these products to bite area 3-4 times daily, do not use on children <2 yrs old; 3) Local anesthetics can cause sensitization; 4) Do not use dibucaine in large quantities; 5) Do not apply phenol to extensive areas of body or under bandages; 6) Do not use topical diphenhydramine longer than 7 days; 7) do not use hydrocortisone on scabies, bacterial infections, or fungal infections without medical recommendation; 8) do not let children ingest camphor-containing products |
|
|
Term
| Counseling Points for Skin Protectants in Pts with Insect Bites |
|
Definition
| 1) if needed to reduce irritation or inflammation, use a skin protectant such as zinc oxide or calamine; 2) apply protectant to affected area up to 4 times daily; 3) protectants can be applied to children < 2 yrs old; 4) some insect bite products contain external analgesics & skin protectants |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacological Therapy for mosquitoes, chiggers, bedbugs, & flea bites |
|
Definition
| local anesthetics (benzocaine, lidocaine), topical antihistamines (diphenhydramine), counterirritants (camphor, menthol), skin protectants (zinc oxide, calamine, titanium dioxide), hydrocortisone |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacologic treatment of Scabies Bites |
|
Definition
| permethrin, lindane, crotamiton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used in treating mosquito, chigger, bedbug, or flea bites; Ex: lidocaine, benzocaine, dibucaine, phenol; MoA: produces loss of sensation through reversible blockade of nerve impulses; Dosing: apply 3-4 times daily for no longer than 7 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local anesthetic that pts might have hypersensitivity to |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local anesthetic that should NOT be used in large amounts over open wounds, raw surfaces, or blistered areas (systemic absorption --> convulsions, myocardial depression, or death) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local anesthetic that should NOT be applied to large areas of body (skin damage & systemic absorption --> DO NOT USE in children or pregnant women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dosing: apply 3-4 times daily, NOT TO EXCEED 7 days; ADRs: hypersensitivity --> incidence increases with prolonged use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| camphor (keep out of reach of children), menthol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zinc oxide, calamine, titanium dioxide; OTC conc: 1-25%; use PRN |
|
|
Term
| hydrocortisone 1% or less |
|
Definition
| MoA: prevents or suppresses inflammation to relieve pain & itching; Dose: TID-QID for no longer than 7 days; ADRs: epidermal atrophy, irritation; DO NOT USE if you have scabies, fungal or bacterial infection, or candidiasis |
|
|
Term
| permethrin 5% cream [Elimite, Acticin] |
|
Definition
| 1st line therapy for scabies; Application: rub into skin from head to toe, including soles of feet, rinse off after 8-14 hrs, retreat if live mites are found after 14 days; ADRs: pruritus, burning, tingling, erythema; Clinical Pearls: wash all personal effects in hot water, vacuum thoroughly; Avoid contact with mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd line treatment of scabies; Application: rub thin layer all over skin from neck down, wash off in 8-12 hrs; ADRs: CNS stimulation (dizziness, seizures), dermatitis; Clincal Pearls: wash all recently used clothing & bedding; Wait at least 1 hr after showering; Do not use in pts with history of seizure disorder or premature infants, Avoid contact with mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| crotamiton 10% cream or lotin (Eurax) |
|
Definition
| used in treatment of scabies bites; Application: massage all over skin from chin down, pay attention to any skin folds/creases; Apply 2nd treatment 24 hrs later; take a cleansing bath 48 hrs after second treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deer ticks release borrelia burgdorferi; Stages --> early localized: "bull's eye" rash, flu-like symptoms; early disseminated dx: neurologic, cardiac, & dermatologic symptoms; Late disease: neurological, musculoskeletal, cutaneous symptoms, arthritis, red discoloration; |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of Lyme's Disease |
|
Definition
| use prescription antibiotics: amoxicillin, doxycycline, cefuroxime; use for 10-28 days |
|
|
Term
| Treatment of West Nile Virus |
|
Definition
| hospitilization, IV fluids, respiratory support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spread by mosquitoes biting an infected animal, then biting a human; NOT CONTAGIOUS; Symptoms: Mild - fatigue, fever, HA, swollen lymph nodes, body pain; Severe: encephalitis, muscle weakness, altered mental status, seizures, coma |
|
|
Term
| Allergenic proteins foun in insect venom |
|
Definition
| hyaluronidase & phospholipase A |
|
|
Term
| Signs/Symptoms of Rxns to Insect Stings |
|
Definition
| local: pain, itching, irritation at site; Systemic effects (allergic or anaphylactic rxn): hives, itching, swelling, burning, decreased BP --> lightheadedness, hoarseness, choking sensation, chest tightness, dyspnea, wheezing, NVD, abdominal cramps, pelvic cramps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) avoid perfumes, scented lotions, & bright colored clothing; 2) control picnic odors & garbage areas; 3) change clothing if food is spilled on it; 4) wear shoes outdoors; 5) get rid of insect nests near home |
|
|
Term
| Non-pharmacological Therapy for Insect Stings |
|
Definition
| 1) remove stinger: before venom sac is emptied, DO NOT SQUEEZE, scrape with fingernail or credit card, apply antiseptic once stinger is removed; 2) apply ice pack |
|
|
Term
| Pharmacological Therapy for Insect Stings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug of choice for emergency treatment of ALLERGIC rxns to insect stings; MoA: vasoconstriction --> increased BP, bronchodilation --> relieves chest tightness, dyspnea, wheezing; Adult dose: 0.3 mg, childrens dose: 0.15 mg |
|
|
