Term
Name 4 different types of pain. |
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Definition
Neuroopathic
Musculoskeletal (myofacial)
Mixed mechanism (neuro + musculo)
Pain of malignancy (cancer pain) |
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Term
What factors are considered in the evaluation of pain? |
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Definition
Precipitating factors
Quality
Region - 'radiation', location and spread
Severity
Temporal (time related onset or changes) |
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Term
What methods may be employed in the quantization of pain? |
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Definition
Visual Analogue Scale
Verbal Analogue Scale
Observation and examination
- tachycardia, grimace, mood, concentration |
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Term
Describe the WHO analgesic ladder.
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Definition
Step 1: Aspirin, NSAIDs, Paracetamol
Step 2: Codeine, oxycodone, tramadol
Step 3: Morphine, methadone, fentanyl |
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Term
Codeine (and other opiods) is not effective for which type of pain? |
|
Definition
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Term
Morphine works best against which types of pain? |
|
Definition
Visceral pain
Pain arising from a somatic cause |
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Term
What is the common side effect of morphine? |
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Definition
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Term
What are adverse effects of opioids? |
|
Definition
Respiratory depression
Nausea and vomiting -> antiemetics
Sedation
Constipation -> laxative |
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Term
Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) is useful for which pain situation? |
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Definition
|
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Term
List adjunct pain relievers. |
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Definition
TENS
Massage
Acupuncture
Cannabis
Hypnosis |
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Term
Which headaches are more common in women? |
|
Definition
Tension type headaches and migraine |
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|
Term
Which type of headaches are more common in men? |
|
Definition
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Term
What are the signs of a tensio-type headache? |
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Definition
dull and persistant pain felt on both sides of head or neck
constant, tight, heavy or pressing sensation on or around the head |
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Term
What are triggers for tension-type headaches? |
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Definition
Poor posture
bright lights
medication
stress, anxiety
fatigue, emotional upset, depression |
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Term
What are the symptoms of migraine? |
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Definition
One sided pain
throbbing, aggravated by movement
associated symptoms: nausea, vomiting, photophobia |
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Term
Where the types of triggers of migraine? |
|
Definition
dietary
enviromental
hormonal
physical or emotional |
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Term
What treatment options of severe migriain? |
|
Definition
triptans: sumatriptan, naratriptan
ergotamin compounds
stonger opioids
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Term
When should headaches be referred? |
|
Definition
thunderclap headache
loss of conciousness
no relief with mediaction
daily use of medication required
associated with blurred vission, difficulty speaking or numbness in limbs, fever, or vomiting |
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