Term
| Categories of Congenital Disease (2) |
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Definition
1. Skeletal Dysplasia
2. Skeletal Malformation |
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Term
|
Definition
abnormality of development
1. Endochondral bone formation
Intramembranous bone formation |
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Term
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Definition
physical defect at birth not related to development
1. skull malformation
2. malformation of the trunk
3. malformation of the appendicular skeleton |
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Term
| main etiology of congenital defects |
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Definition
| genetic (90% of all cases); can be chromosomal abnormality or mutation of a single gene |
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Term
| Why is there little evidence of congenital defects in the bioarchaeological record? |
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Definition
1. Non-survival of nonadult remains
2. With only minor defects an individual could survive into adulthood with remodeling
3. Incomplete ossification of immature bones (evidence invisible)
4. Soft tissue only
5. Person stigmatized, buried elsewhere |
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Term
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Definition
| disproportionate dwarfism resulting from abnormality of endochondral bone formation; skeletal dysplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| transitional vertebrae classification. example: L5becomes sacralized |
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Term
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Definition
| transitional vertebrae classification. example: S1 becomes lumbar vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
guidelines for measurement of:
1. dental attrition
2. calculus
3. periodontal disease (basic exposure of roots of teeth) |
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Term
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Definition
| age of dental defect formation |
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Term
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Definition
| recording of caries and abscesses |
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Term
| Categories of periapical lesions (3) |
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Definition
1. Granuloma
2. Cyst
3. Abscess |
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Term
|
Definition
cause of periapical lesion
a. soft tissue surrounds root
b. 2-3 mm diameter
c. sharp edge |
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Term
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Definition
a. >3mm diameter
b. sharp edge |
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Term
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Definition
a. margin rounded/thickened due to infection
b. may not be visible w/o radiograph
c. etiology
1. attrition
2. caries
3. trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Subgingival
a. green, black, harder
2. Supragingival
a. more common
b. grey/brown, thicker |
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Term
| Types of trauma (according to Ortner 2003) (4) |
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Definition
1. Fracture
2. Dislocation
3. Blood vessel/nerve injury
4. Artificial deformation |
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Term
| Etiologies of Fracture (3) |
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Definition
1. Acute injury
2. pathological condition
3. repeated stress |
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Term
| Phases of fracture healing (3) |
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Definition
1. Cellular
2. Metabolic
3. Mechanical |
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Term
| Circulatory/cellular stage of fracture healing |
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Definition
a.first stage of fracture healing
b.~12 hours
c. hematoma between fracture ends
d. bone ends die |
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Term
| Metabolic stage of fracture healing |
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Definition
a. 2nd stage of healing
b.~15 days
c. chondroblasts near the injury form hyaline cartilage and osteoblasts create woven bone. The two create a callus, bridging the ends. |
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Term
| Mechanical stage of fracture healing |
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Definition
a. last stage of healign process
b.~70% of the healing process
c. remodeling of woven bone with stronger cortical bone |
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Term
| What to record when examining a fracture (9) |
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Definition
1. Bone element
2. Side
3. Age (adult/nonadult)
4. fracture position
5. fracture type
6. evidence of healing
7. is bone shorter than opposite?
8. any evidence of rotational deformity?
9. any evidence of infection or joint disease? |
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Term
|
Definition
a. Transverse
b. oblique
c. spiral
d. impacted
e. avulsion
f. greenstick
g. comminuted
h. compression |
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Term
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Definition
| i. Distal radius with dorsal displacement of distal fragment |
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Term
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Definition
| Distal shaft of radious w/ palmar displacement |
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Term
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Definition
| Distal ½ of radius with dislocation of inferior radio-ulnar joint |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| partial to complete separation between vertebral body and arch |
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Term
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Definition
| spondylolitis with slipping forward of the vertebra |
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Term
| Types of head injuries (3) |
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Definition
1. Sharp
2. Blunt
3. Projectile |
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Term
| Presentation of perimortem blade injuries (compared to ante- or post-mortem) |
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Definition
1.Linearity
2.Well defined, clean edge
3.Flat, smooth, sometimes polished edge
4.No healing/bone reaction
5.Possible scratch marks |
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Term
| Difference between osteoarthritis and erosive arthropathies |
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Definition
| osteoarthritis results in abnormal formation of the bone, erosive arthropathies result in bone destruction. This difference is not always clear- erosive OA does occur |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
1. Neuromechanical
2. Metabolic
3. Immune
4. Inflammatory |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by trauma, infection, or other pathological condition |
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Term
| Bone changes in osteoarthritis (7) |
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Definition
1.Cartilage degeneration
2.Osteophytic formation
3.Pitting on joint surface
4.Eburnation (pathognomonic)
5.Sclerosis (opaque on radiograph)
6.Altered joint contour
7.Fusion of joint |
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolic DJD. Uric acid not excreted, nodules fill with crystals, causes pressure on bone. Often affects 1st metatarsal joint. Martell hooks on articular surfaces |
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Term
| Proposed etiologies of hyperostosis frontalis interna |
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Definition
i. Postmenopausal women
ii. Pregnancy
iii. Diabetes
iv. Obesity |
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Term
| Characteristics of lamellar bone |
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Definition
| striated and organised new bone, color same as rest of bone, integrated with original cortex |
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Term
| Key points of Wood et al.'s 1992 paper |
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Definition
| nobody had ever tackled the challenges of inferring health from skeletal remains (in print); called the ‘osteological paradox’ the paper covered issues such as dealing with differential preservation, poor recovery techniques, pseudopathology, poor standards of recording, age and sex differences in different samples, an emphasis on case studies of individual skeletons rather than population studies, unknown frailty of a population, soft tissue diseases that are not evident in skeletal remains, acute V chronic disease and how those are manifest on the skeleton (former not and latter is), the meaning of active V healed lesions, differential diagnosis, people dying before bone changes occur etc. |
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Term
| Why do osteophytes occur in DJD? |
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Definition
| osteophytes are a reparative response by remaining cartilage to loss of cartilage; ossification occurs; a response to a weak joint in order to strengthen it |
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Term
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Definition
| Recording the character and distribution of pathological lesions in any one skeleton and considering all the possible potential diagnoses for the patterning seen (bone can only react to disease in a limited number of ways so diagnosis is a challenge) |
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Term
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Definition
| Angular deformity in the spine due to compression of vertebral bodies; can be congenital or acquired (trauma, TB, osteoporosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Congenital condition; ‘water on the brain’; increase in cerebro-spinal fluid as a result of imbalance in formation and drainage; skull vault enlarges; cortex thins, widely separated sutures, frontal bossing, cranial base flattened |
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Term
| Possible etiologies of cribra orbitalia |
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Definition
1. iron deficiency
2. B12 deficiency
3. infection
4. hereditary anemia
5. scurvy |
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Term
| Four phases of Paleopathology History |
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Definition
1. Antecedent
2. Genesis
3. Interbellum
4. New Paleopathology |
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Term
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Definition
| immature, primary bone. Disorganized. Indicated disease process was active at time of death |
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Term
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Definition
| mature, organized. Indicates some amount of healing before death. |
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Term
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Definition
sign- what is visible and objective
symptom- what is felt by the person |
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Term
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Definition
Prevalence- measurement of all individuals affected by a disease within a particular period of time
incidence- number of new individuals who contract a disease within a particular period of time.
As paleopathologists, we report prevalence, not incidence. |
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Term
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Definition
| break of spinous process, typically C7 or T1 |
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Term
| Physical cause of Schmorl's nodes |
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Definition
| protrusion of the nucleus pulposus into the surface of the vertebral body. |
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Term
| Etiology of Schmorl's nodes (i.e., what can Schmorl's nodes tell us about the individual's life, not the biological/physical cause) |
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Definition
| DJD, trauma, congenital weakness, tumor |
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Term
| What is an osteocyte and what is its function? |
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Definition
| A bone cell that is involved in the routine maintenance of the bony matrix. Develops from an osteoblast that's become trapped in the matrix it secreted. |
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Term
| What is an osteoblast and what is it's function? |
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Definition
| bone cell responsible for bone formation |
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Term
| What's an osteoclast and what's its function? |
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Definition
| A bone cell responsible for bone resorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| organic, unmineralized bone tissue. Osteoblasts secrete osteoids, which then become mineralized to develop into bone tissue. When there is insufficient mineral or osteoblast dysfunction, osteoid accumulates, becoming osteomalacia/rickets. |
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Term
| What has research on various documented collections regarding rib lesions told us about the etiology of those rib lesions? |
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Definition
| Although much of the underlying etiology was pulmonary rickets, not all of it was. Rib lesions *not* pathognomonic of anything. |
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Term
| Etiological factors attributing to joint disease |
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Definition
| Age, genetic predisposition, trauma, infection, activity, obesity, environment, climate |
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Term
| Species responsible for venereal syphilis |
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Definition
| Treponema pallidum pallidum |
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Term
| What part of spine do Schmorl's nodes commonly develop? |
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Definition
| lumbar and lower thoracic |
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Term
| Two main causes of Harris lines? |
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Definition
1. Poor nutrition
2. Childhood disease |
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Term
| How do stellate scars differ from tubercular lesions or metastatic cancer on the skull vault? |
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Definition
| stellate scars tend to only affect the ectocranial surface, leaving a rounded depression with radiating lines. Other lesions tend to affect the ecto- and endocranial tables equally, leaving a "hole" and not a "depression." |
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Term
Metabolic disease that causes abnormal porosity and hypertrophy on the:
* cranial vault
* greater sphenoid wing
* orbit
* alveolar margins
* palate
* sometimes long bones |
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Definition
Scurvy
(Ortner et al. 1999 set this criteria, although Melikan and Waldron 2003 argue) |
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Term
Metabolic bone disease that causes:
* wide sutures
* persistence of fontanelles
* porosity on vault
* bowing deformities of long bones
* flared, porous metaphyses
* costochondral nodules on ribs
* kyphosis/scoliosis |
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Definition
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Term
Metabolic bone disease with these signs:
* pseudofracture
* codfish vertebrae
* scoliosis
* only occurs in adults |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| defined bone changes in osteomalacia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| etiologies of spinal stenosis |
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Definition
| arthritis, trauma, congenital defect |
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Term
Metabolic disease with these changes:
* posterior calcaneal and metacarpal lesions
* thickening of skull vault
* long bone necrosis |
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Definition
| Sickle cell anemia (noted by Hershkovitz et al. 1997) |
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Term
| Organisms that can cause infectious disease (4) |
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Definition
1. Virus
2. Bacteria
3. Fungus
4. Parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the periosteum |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the medullary cavity |
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Term
| Possible etiologies of periostitis |
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Definition
| disease, soft tissue ulcer, trauma, fracture, scurvy, rickets, normal growth |
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Term
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Definition
| piece of dead bone that has become separated from normal bone |
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Term
| Possible etiologies of endocranial bone formation |
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Definition
| meningitis, scurvy, rickets, trauma, anemia, tuberculosis |
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Term
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Definition
| new bone around dead bone in osteomyelitis |
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Term
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Definition
| hole/sinus, especially in osteomyelitis. Not always present. |
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Term
| bacteria causing 90% of all cases of osteomyelitis |
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Definition
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Term
| Differences in location of osteomyelitis between adults and non-adults |
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Definition
adults- shafts and epiphyses
nonadults- metaphyses |
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Term
| organism that causes leprosy |
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Definition
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Term
infectious disease with these bone changes:
* cranial vault lesions
* resorption of phlanges and metacarpals/metatarsals; "pencilling"
* claw hand/foot deformity
drop foot
* periostitis in long bones
* eye lesions
* ear infection
* focal bone formation from skin ulcers
* rhinomaxillary syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
| Features of rhinomaxillary syndrome in leprosy |
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Definition
* smooth resorption of prothion followed by expansion to include alveolae of incisors (which eventually fall out)
* loss of anterior nasal spine
* margins of nasal aperture resorb
* resorption of palantine process
* resorption of septum
* leprogenic odontodysplasia |
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Term
| Examples of Congenital dental defects |
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Definition
* Leprogenic odontodysplasia
* Hutchinson's incisors
* Moon's molars
* mulberry molars |
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Term
| Organisms responsible for tuberculosis |
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Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
* M. tuberculosis
* M. bovis
* and others |
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Term
| Type of tuberculosis in humans that doesn't involve any bone changes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
aka tuberculosis spondylitis
disc tissues dies and collapses, resulting in vertebral collapse
Usually affect lower thoracic and lumbar |
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Term
| nonspecific indicators of tuberculosis |
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Definition
* septic arthritis
* skull TB (destructive lesions on both tables of skull)
* psoas abscess
* rib lesions
* pleural calcification
* lupus vulgaris
* endocranial new bone formation in tubercular meningitis
* spina ventosa/tuberculus dactylitis
* hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy (HPOA) |
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Term
| treponematosis that does not cause bone changes (common name and species name) |
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Definition
| Pinta; Treponema carateum |
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Term
| organism that causes yaws |
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Definition
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Term
infectious disease with these sign:
* symmetrical dactylitis of spina ventosa type
* boomerang leg (bending)
* gummatous periostitis, carries sicca in later stages
* typically affects greater amount of bone compared to other trepanemotoses |
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Definition
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Term
| organism that causes endemic syphilis |
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Definition
| Treponema pallidum endemicum |
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Term
| infectious disease similar in appearence to venereal syphilis (tibiae and rhinomaxillary areas most affected); need geographical/historic context to diagnose |
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Definition
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Term
| Main origin hypotheses surrounding venereal syphilis |
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Definition
1. Columbian
2. Pre-Columbian |
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Term
Infectious disease with these signs:
* Hutchinson's incisors
* Moon molars
* lower leg bone periostitis
* carries sicca |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Parts of the skeleton most commonly affected by TB (3) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| lack of a suture; congenital defect |
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Term
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Definition
| premature closure of sutures |
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Term
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Definition
| incomplete fusion of the posterior neural arches of the sacral segments and/or lumbar vertebrae |
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Term
| Types of spina bifida cystica (3) |
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Definition
(from least to most severe)
1. meningocele
2. myelomeningocele
3. myelocele |
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Term
| most commonly reported types of abnormalities reported (2) |
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Definition
| dental disease and degenerative joint disease |
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Term
| What to report when recording caries (3) |
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Definition
* what tooth is affected
* what part of the tooth
* size of the lesion
(Lukacs 1989) |
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Term
| osteochondritis dissecans |
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Definition
| The separation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone fragment from a joint surface |
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Term
| type of neuromechanical joint disease |
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Definition
| osteoarthritis (primary and secondary) |
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Term
| type of inflammatory joint disease |
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Definition
|
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Term
| types of immune joint disease |
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Definition
* rheumatoid arthritis
* psoriatic arthritis
* ankylosing spondylitis
* DISH |
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Term
| bone change pathognomonic of osteoarthritis (according to Rogers and Waldron 1991) |
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Definition
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