Term
|
Definition
| Traits that describe our skills and how efficiently we will be able to work toward our goals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The basic human motivation to actualize, maintain, and enhance the self. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The compulsion to destroy, conquer, and kill |
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Term
|
Definition
| Behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trend of moving against people, such as a domineering and controlling manner. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Jung's theory of personality. |
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Term
| Anima archetype; animus archetype |
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Definition
| Feminine aspects of the male psyche; masculine aspects of the female psyche. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to Freud, a feeling of fear and dread without an obvious cause: reality anxiety is a fear of tangible dangers; neurotic anxiety involves a conflict between id and ego; moral anxiety involves a conflict between id and superego. |
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Term
|
Definition
| images of universal experiences contained in the collective unconscious. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a pervasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness; the foundation of neurosis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| To Erickson, motivating characteristics and beliefs that derive from the satisfactory resolution of the crisis at each developmental stage. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Motivating characteristics that derive from the unsatisfactory resolution of developmental crises. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A form of therapy that applies the principles of reinforcement to bring about desired behavioral changes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of the relationship between genetic or heredity factors and personality traits. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The school of psychology founded by John B. Watson that focused on psychology as the study of overt behavior rather than of mental processes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The most pervasive and powerful human traits |
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Term
|
Definition
| a detailed history of an individual that contains data from a variety of sources |
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Term
|
Definition
| a boy's fear during the Oedipal period that his penis will be cut off. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the expression of emotions that is expected to lead to the reduction of disturbing symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| The handful of outstanding traits that describe a person's behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cognitive style or way of constuing the environment characterized by the ability to perceive differences among people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Innate needs to know and to understand |
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Term
|
Definition
| a cognitive style or way of constuing the environment characterized by a relative inability to perceive differences among people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and pre-human species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| traits possessed in some degree by all persons |
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Term
|
Definition
| a motivation to overcome inferiority, to strive for higher levels of development. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to Jung, a core or pattern of emotions, memories, perceptions, and wishes in the personal unconscious organized around a common theme, such as power or status |
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Term
|
Definition
| behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trend of moving toward people, such as a need for affection and approval. |
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Term
| conditional positive regard |
|
Definition
| approval, love, or acceptance granted only when a person expresses desirable behaviors and attitudes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to Rogers, a belief that we are worthy of approval only when we express desirable behaviors and attitudes and refrain from expressing those that bring disapproval from others; similar to the Freudian superego. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to Horney, the basic incompatibility of the neurotic trends. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a component of the superego that contains behaviors for which the child has been punished. |
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Term
|
Definition
| source traits that depend on our physiological characteristics |
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Term
|
Definition
| an intellectual hypothesis that we devise and use to interpret or explain life events. Constructs are bipolar, or dichotomous, such as tall versus short or honest versus dishonest. |
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Term
| Constructive Alternativism |
|
Definition
| the idea that we are free to revise or replace our constructs with alternatives as needed |
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Term
|
Definition
| in an experiment, the group that does not receive the experimental treatment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| consciously planned behavior determined by the needs of a given situation and designed for a specific purpose, usually to bring about a change in one's environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| a statistical technique that measures the degree of the relationship between two variables, expressed by the correlation coefficent. |
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Term
| Creative power of the self |
|
Definition
| the ability to create an appropriate style of life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| To Erickson, the turning point faced at each developmental stage |
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Term
|
Definition
| the unconscious drive toward decay, destruction, and aggression. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Strategies the ego uses to defend itself against the anxiety provoked by conflicts of everyday life. Defense mechanisms involve denials or distortions of reality. |
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Term
| Deficit (deficiency needs) |
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Definition
| The lower needs; failure to satisfy them produces a deficiency in the body |
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Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves denying the existence of an external threat or traumatic event |
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Term
|
Definition
| In an experiment, the variable the experimenter desires to measure, typically the subjects' behavior or response to manipulation of the independent variable |
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Term
|
Definition
| behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trend of moving away from people, such as an intense need for privacy |
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Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves shifting id impulses from a threatening object or from one that is unavailable to an object that is available, for example, replacing hostility toward one's boss with hostility toward one's child. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a technique involving the interpretation of dreams to uncover unconscious conflicts. Dreams have a MANIFEST CONTENT (the actual events in the dream) and a LATENT CONTENT (the symbolic meaning of the dream events). |
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Term
|
Definition
| traits that describe our motivations and interests. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a personality assessment technique in which our earliest memories, whether real events or fantasies, are assumed to reveal the primary interest of our life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to Freud, the rational aspect of the personality, responsible for directing and controlling the instincts according to the reality principle. To Jung, the conscious aspect of personailty. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the self-image formed during adolescence that integrates our ideas of what we are and what we want to be. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a component of the superego that contains the moral or ideal behaviors for which a person should strive. |
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Term
|
Definition
| during the phallic stage (ages 4-5), the unconscious desire of a girl for her father, accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy her mother. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a group therapy technique in which people learn about their feelings and about how they relate to (or encounter) one another. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a tendency toward balance or equilibrium within the personaility; the ideal is an equal distribution of psychic energy over all structures of the personality. |
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|
Term
| environmental-mold traits |
|
Definition
| Source traits that are learned from social and environmental interactions |
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|
Term
| epigenetic principle of maturation |
|
Definition
| the idea that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on genetic or hereditary factors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the continuing redistribution of energy within a personality; if the energy expended on certain conditions or activities weakens or disappears, that energy is transferred elsewhere in the personality. |
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Term
|
Definition
| permanent constitutional source traits that provide energy for goal-directed behavior. Ergs are the basic innate units of motivation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the experimental treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
| spontaneous and seemingly purposeless behavior, usually displayed without our conscious awareness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a way of explaining to ourselves our relative lack of control over our environment. An OPTIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLE can prevent learned helplessness; a PESSIMISTIC EXPLANATORY STYLE spreads helplessness to all facets of life. |
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|
Term
| External locus of control. |
|
Definition
| A belief that reinforcement is under the control of other people, fate, or luck. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a way to defend against the conflict caused by the discrepancy between an idealized and a real self-image by projecting the conflict onto the outside world. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an attitude of the psyche characterized by an orientation toward the external world and other people. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a statistical technique based on correlations between several measures, which may be explained in terms of underlying factors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| To Horney, a revision of psychoanalysis to encompass the psychological conflicts inherent in the traditional ideal of womanhood and women's roles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the idea that there is an imagined or potential goals that guides our behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which a portion of libido remains invested in one of the psychosexual stages because of excessive frustraion or gratification |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a psychotherapeutic technique in which the client acts out constructs appropriate for a fictitious person. This shows the client how the new constructs can be more effective than the old ones he or she has been using |
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Term
|
Definition
| a technique in which the patient says whatever comes to mind. In other words, it is a kind of daydreaming out loud. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rogers's term for self-actualization, for developing all facets of the self. |
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Term
|
Definition
| an approach to the study of behavior that involves assessing the frequency of a behavior, the situation in which it occurs, and the reinforcers associated with it |
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|
Term
| functional autonomy of motives |
|
Definition
| the idea that motives in the normal, mature adult are independent of the childhood experiences in which they originally appeared. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the higher needs; although growth needs are less necessary than deficit needs for survival, they involve the realization and fulfillment of human potential. |
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|
Term
| Hierarchy of five innate needs |
|
Definition
| an arrangement of innate needs, from strongest to weakest, that activates and directs behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the view that personality is basically fixed in the early years of life and subject to little change thereafter |
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Term
|
Definition
| to Freud, the aspect of personality allied with the instincts; the source of psychic energy, the id operates according to the pleasure principle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| For normal people, the self-image is an idealized picture of oneself built on a flexible, realistic assessment of one's abilities. For neurotics, the self-image is based on an inflexible, unrealistic self-appraisal. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The failure to achieve ego identity during adolescence. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a discrepancy between a person's self-concept and aspects of his or her experience. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| In an experiment, the stimulus variable or condition the experimenter manipulates to learn its effect on the dependent variable. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adler's theory of personality. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition of psychological health resulting from the integration of all conscious and unconscious facets of the personality |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition that develops when a person is unable to compensate for normal inferiority feelings. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the normal condition of all people; the source of all human striving |
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Term
|
Definition
| the substitution of instinctive behaviors for behaviors that had been reinforced. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Maslow's term for the innate needs in his needs-hierarchy theory |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| In Freud's system, mental representations of internal stimuli, such as hunger, that drive a person to take certain actions. |
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|
Term
| Internal locus of control |
|
Definition
| a belief that reinforcement is brought about by our own behavior. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an attitude of the psyche characterized by an orientation toward one's own thoughts and feelings. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fear that maximizing our potential will lead to a situation with which we will be unable to cope. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to Freud, the period from approximately age 5 to puberty, during which the sex instinct is dormant, sublimated in school activities, sports, and hobbies, and in developing friendships with members of the same sex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Life-record ratings of behaviors observed in real-life situations, such as the classroom or office |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| to Freud, the form of psychic energy, manifested by the life instincts, that drives a person toward pleasurable behaviors and thoughts. To Jung, a broader and more generalized form of psychic energy. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the drive for ensuring survival of the individual and the species by satisfying the needs for food, water, air, and sex. |
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|
Term
| life-history reconstruction |
|
Definition
| Jung's type of case study that involves examining a person's past experiences to identify developmental patterns that may explain present neuroses. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition that occurs when the ego consists solely of a single way of coping with conflict |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the motivation of self-actualizers, which involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal object. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| states of growth or being toward which self-actualizers evolve. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a thwarting of self-development related to failure to satisfy the metaneeds. |
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|
Term
| Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) |
|
Definition
| An assessment test based on Jung's psychological types and the attitudes of introversion and extraversion |
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Term
|
Definition
| the strengthening of a response by the removal of an aversive stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ten irrational defenses against anxiety that become a permanent part of personality and that affect behavior |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| three categories of behaviors and attitudes toward oneself and others that express a person's needs; Horney's revision of the concept of neurotic needs. |
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|
Term
| Objective relations theories |
|
Definition
| outgrowths of psychanalytic theory that focus more on relationships with the objects (such as the mother) that satisfy instinctual needs, rather than on the needs themselves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| during the phallic stage (ages 4-5), the unconscious desire of a boy for his mother, accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy his father. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| behavior emitted spontaneously or voluntarily that operates on the environment to change it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the procedure by which a change in the consequences of a response will affect the rate at which the response occurs. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Jung's idea that conflict between opposing processes or tendencies is necessary to generate psychic energy. |
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|
Term
| organismic valuing process |
|
Definition
| the process by which we judge experiences in terms of their value for fostering or hindering our actualization and growth. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a moment of intense ecstasy, similar to a religious or mystical experience, during which the self is transcended. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the envy the female feels toward the male because the male possesses a penis; this is accompanied by a sense of loss because the female does not have a penis |
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Term
|
Definition
| the idea that constructs can be revised and extended in light of new experiences |
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|
Term
| perseverative functional autonomy |
|
Definition
| the level of functional autonomy that relates to low-level and routine behaviors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the public face or role a person presents to others |
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|
Term
| personal construct theory |
|
Definition
| Kelly's description of personality in terms of cognitive processes: we are capable of interpreting behaviors and events and of using this understanding to guide our behavior and to predict the behavior of other people. |
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Term
|
Definition
| traits that are peculiar to an individual, as opposed to traits shared by a number of people |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the reservoir of material that was once conscious but has been forgotten or suppressed. |
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|
Term
| personal-document technique |
|
Definition
| a method of personality assessment that involves the study of a person's written or spoken records. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the unique, relatively enduring internal and external aspects of a person's character that influence behavior in different situations |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Roger's approach to therapy in which the client (not the "patient") is assumed to be responsible for changing his or her personality. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a personality assessment technique for children in which structures assembled from dolls, blocks, and other toys are analyzed |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the principle by which the id functions to avoid pain and maximize pleasure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| acceptance, love, and approval from others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the condition under which we grant ourselves acceptance and approval |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| childlike thinking by which the id attempts to satisfy the instinctual drives |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves attributing a disturbing impulse to someone else. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a personality assessment device in which subjects are presumed to project personal needs, fears, and values onto their interpretation or description of an ambiguous stimulus |
|
|
Term
| propriate functional autonomy |
|
Definition
| the level of functional autonomy that relates to our values, self-image, and lifestyle. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Allport's term for the ego or self. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Jung's term for personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and system of therapy for treating mental disorders. |
|
|
Term
| psychohistorical analysis |
|
Definition
| the application of Erikson's lifespan theory, along with psychoanalytic principles, to the study of historical figures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to Jung, eight personality types based on interactions of the attitudes (introversion and extraversion) and the functions (thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuiting). |
|
|
Term
| psychosexual stages of development |
|
Definition
| to Freud, the oral, anal, phallic, and genital stages though which all children pass. In these stages, gratification of the id instincts depends on the stimulation of corresponding areas of the body. |
|
|
Term
| psychosocial stages of development |
|
Definition
| to Erikson, eight successive stages encompassing the life span. At each stage, we must cope with a crisis in either an adaptive or a maladaptive way. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the application of an aversive stimulus following a response in an effort to decrease the likelihood that the response will recur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self-report questionnaire ratings of our characteristics, attitudes, and interests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a self-report technique for assessing aspects of the self-concept. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the spectrum of events to which a construct can be applied. Some constructs are relevant to a limited number of people or situations; other constructs are broader. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves reinterpreting our behavior to make it more acceptable and less threatening to us. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves expressing an id impulse that is the opposite of the one that is truly driving the person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the principle by which the ego functions to provide appropriate constraints on the expression of the id instincts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves retreating to an earlier, less frustrating period of life and displaying the usually childish behaviors characteristic of that more secure time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of strengthening a response by adding a reward, thus increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patterns or rates of providing or witholding reinforcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the consistency of response to a psychological assessment device |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves unconscious denial of the existence of something that causes anxiety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in free association, a blockage or refusal to disclose painful memories |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| responses made to or elicited by specific environmental stimuli |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a higher-level need for security and freedom from fear. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the least important traits, which a person may display inconspicuously and inconsistently |
|
|
Term
| secondary-process thought |
|
Definition
| mature thought processes needed to deal rationally with the external world |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| to Jung, the archetype that represents the unity, integration, and harmony of the total personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fullest development of the self |
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|
Term
| self-characterization sketch |
|
Definition
| a technique designed to assess a person's construct system; that is, how a person perceives himself or herself in relation to other people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to exert control over the variables that determine behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a personality assessment technique in which subjects answer questions about their behaviors and feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to Cattell, environmental-mold source traits that motivate behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the dark side of the personality; the archetype that contains primitive animal instincts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our innate potential to cooperate with other people to achieve personal and societal goals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stable and permanent traits that are the basic factors of personality, derived by the method of factor analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the urge toward perfection or completion that motivates each of us. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a unique character structure or pattern of personal behaviors and characteristics by which each of us strives for perfection. Basic styles of life include the dominant, getting, avoiding, and socially useful types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves altering or displacing id impulses by diverting instinctual energy into socially acceptable behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perception below the threshold of conscious awareness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an explanation for the acquisition of complex behavior. Behavior such as learning to speak will be reinforced only as it comes to approximate or approach the final desired behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to Freud, the moral aspect of personality; the internalization of parental and societal values and standards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition that develops when a person overcompensates for normal inferiority feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persistent behavior that has a coincidental and not a functional relationship to the reinforcement received. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traits that show a correlation but do not constitute a factor because they are not determined by a single source |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to catharsis, the symptom analysis technique focuses on the symptoms reported by the patient and attempts to interpret the patient's free associations to those symptoms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| data derived from personality tests that are resistant to faking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traits that describe our general behavioral style in responding to our environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a behavior-modification technique in which tokens, which can be exchanged for valued objects or privileges, are awarded for desirable behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to Allport, distinguishing characteristics that guide behavior. Traits are measured on a continuum and are subject to social, environmental, and cultural influences. To Cattell, reaction tendencies, derived by the method of factor analysis, that are relatively permanent parts of the personality. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an attempt to realize an unattainable idealized self-image by denying the true self and behaving in terms of what we think we should be doing |
|
|
Term
| unconditional positive regard |
|
Definition
| approval granted regardless of a person's behavior. In Roger's person-centered therapy, the therapist offers the client unconditional positive regard. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| traits possessed by one or a few persons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which an assessment device measures what it is intended to measure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the envy a male feels toward a female because she can bear children and he cannot. Womb envy was Horney's response to Freud's concept of penis envy in females. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a projective technique in which a person responds to a stimulus word with whatever word comes to mind. |
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|
