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| a set of assumptions about development common to multiple theories |
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which metatheory says:
mechanisms of learning don't change over the lifespan, development= learning, people are mainly reactive with no universal patterns of development |
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| which metatheory views development as: continuous, the result of quantitative changes and affected mainly by external factors? |
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| which metatheory sees people as developing organisms with internally generated, highly organized patterns of development? |
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which metatheory has these qualities:
not significantly affected by env., behavior may be moderately predictable, active, qualitative, mostly universal patterns of dvl, uses Erikson's theory of personality development |
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| which metathory views dvl as: affected substantially by environment with both continuous and discontinuous stages with shifting goals? |
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which metatheory has these characteristics?:
sees people as taking an active role in thier dv., reciprocal type of change, no universal patterns, both reactive and active, both qualitative & quantitative |
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| if a theory proposes stages then it's a ____ metatheory |
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| if a theory proposes steady incremental change and emphasizes learning from environment then its a ____ metatheory |
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| if a theory focuses on the impact of contextual forces on development tehn it's a _____ metatheory |
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| According to Werner, you should focus on the ___ rather than the ___ |
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| focus on the organism as a whole rather than the parts |
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| _______ is considered to be the father of the organismic approach |
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below are the central ideas of ____ theory:
children perceive world differently
strong discontinuities occur during dv.
differences in kind of dv. rather than amount
qualitative change |
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| the orthogenic principle applies to |
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| multiple facets of development |
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| development is initially undifferentiated then you proceed in the direction of greater differentiation & organization to the mature state follows what? |
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| process by which children separate themselves from environment and come to perceive stimuli objectively |
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| self-object differentiation |
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| microgenetic mobility was an indicator of _____ to Werner |
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| the creation of parts with separate forms and functions pertains to _____ within the orthogenic principle |
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| control and coordination of parts occurs during _______ within the orthogenic principle |
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| hierarchical organization |
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| the ____ ____ approach explains the easy to understand, what you are taught in school, dry abstract way where emotions are shoved to side |
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| geometric dectical approach |
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| a perception where children perceive the world in terms of emotion; the external objects are linked to internal feelings |
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| _____ refers to the unity of the senses: hearing a sound as yellow |
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| carrying out a smaller scale version of orthogenesis. initially with vague impressions fused with feelings then developed into hierarchical organization |
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| _____ ____ requires the ability to revert back to primitive mode of thinking and perceiving the world in physiognomic way like a child then move towards differentiation and integration |
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| Werner believed that optimal development both preserves & builds upon child-like ____ & _____ |
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| perception & thinking; multi-linear development |
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| development involves both losses & gains and optimal development is multi-linear & fosters micro-genetic mobility are implications of what theory? |
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| in behaviorism, the child is _____ and undergoes ____ change |
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reactive, quantitative
it's part of a mechanistic metatheory |
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| in behaviorism, the relationship between learning and development is |
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| according to Methodological behaviorism, an organism is a |
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| black box. focus only on observable behaviors |
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| in behaviorism, development is NOT tied to |
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| biologically determined stages |
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| classical conditioning focuses on associations linked to _____ |
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| operant conditioning focuses on consequences associated with _____ |
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| Watson is a strong advocate of |
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| methodological behaviorism |
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| Stimulus-Response connection |
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| the form of energy that excites a sensory organ is a |
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| Watson's 2 laws of behavior are: |
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| the law of frequency & the law of recency |
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| Watson's 3 basic emotional responses are: |
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| the more frequently a response has been made to a stimulus, the more likely the response will occur the next time the stimulus is presented is the law of |
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| the more recently a response has been made to a stimulus the more likely the response will occur the next time the stimulus is presented is the law of |
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| applying classical conditioning will help in development and treatment of |
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| the law of effect shows that |
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| the behavior leading to better state of affairs will have an increased probability of behavior occurring again |
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| decreasing a behavior by not reinforcing it leads to |
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| a ____ reinforcer is a stimulus that is not natural BUT becomes reinforcing |
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| a stimulus that signals that certain behaviors are likely to be reinforced or punished is called a ____ stimulus |
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| reinforcement is provided for 1st response that occurs and after a certain amount of time has passed since last reinforced response is an example of a _____ schedule |
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| in a ____ schedule you reinforce every response |
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| in a _____ schedule reinforcement delivery is based on an overall average number of responses |
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| the main advantage of intermittent reinforcement is that the behavior |
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| is more resistant to extinction |
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| linking discrete behaviors together in a series is known as |
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| _____ chaining is when the teacher only reinforces the last step which is carried out after all of the preceding steps |
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| the idea is to reinforce approximations to the desired behavior even though the behavior doesn't come naturally is called |
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| the principles used in applied behavior analysis are to teach _______ and to suppress ____ |
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| teach adaptive behavior and suppress maladaptive behavior |
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| in ______ theory, the individual can actively change the environment |
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| in _____ theory, learning takes place rapidly but may be displayed now, later or never |
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| in ______ theory, unobservable, cognitive constructs underlie learning |
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| in social learning theory R represents the |
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| the 3 types of models in SLT are: |
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| live, symbolic and verbal |
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| the 4 conditions for observational learning are |
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| attention, retention, reproduction and motivation |
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| learning the behvaiors and skills that are appropriate and/or useful in one's society is known as |
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| the 4 aspects of socialization are |
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| gender role formation, pro-social behavior, self regulation and self efficacy |
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| conforming to standards that you have internalized rather than to external rewards and punishments |
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| bandura believed that _____ reinforcement is stronger than _____ |
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| self efficacy apprasials affect |
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| 4 things that affect self-efficacy appraisals |
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| 1. actual performance 2. vicarious experiences 3. verbal persuasion 4. physiological cues |
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| in environmental determinism children are _____ |
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| in reciprocal determinism (bandura) children are |
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| in _______ theory, they believe vicarious reinforcement works |
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according to SLT, a model will be imitated only if the model is physically present?
True or False? |
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according to SLT, observatonal learning is teh only way children learn?
True or false |
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| False- they also learn through direct reinforcement. |
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| does SLT use unobservable constructs to explain behavior? |
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| you have a lifelong goal of dunking a basketball like the guys on tv. but you can't do it. this is most likely due to not satisfying what condition of observational learning? |
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| i saw a friend of mine tell a joke at a party. everyone laughed. I would be likely to tell the joke to a different group of people due to: |
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| what facet of socialization would result in a person being unhappy despite having achieved a great deal? |
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| development of self-regulation |
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| immediate compliance, child remembers that he/she shouldn't perform that act, reinforces parental authority |
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| doesn't have long term compliance, can lead to abuse, doesn't teach emotion regulation to the children |
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| studies find that ______ parents endorse the use of spanking more readily than Euro American parents |
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| according to Piaget, what is the relationship between learning and development? |
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| development leads learning |
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sensori motor
pre operational
concrete operational
formal operations |
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| the 3 mountain task is used by who? |
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| piaget to determine between concrete operational and formal operations |
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| pre-operational thinking = ____ reasoning |
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| the conservation task marks the beginning of the ____ stage of piagetian stages |
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| the pendulum problem tests the |
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| 2 Theorists that are organismic are |
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| Piaget explained the variability WITHIN a stage by |
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| Piaget explained similarity between stages by |
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| the SLT criticism of Piaget |
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| if piagetians were right, people would be learning all the time. it takes motivation to learn. people are not eager learners |
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| Piaget defends against the SLT criticism by saying |
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| people aren't eager learners because our schools have stifled their natural curiosity |
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| primitive, biologicall driven AND then more advanced social phase |
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| what is required to move across the ZPD ?? |
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| a MKO- More Knowledgable Other |
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| Vygotsky believed that the ideal of knowledge is abstract and |
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| vygotsky thought _________ is a key tool that changes the relationship between the world and the child |
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| as the child ages ______ is used to regulate activity through thoughts |
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| through social interaction, elementary processes gradually give way to higher mental functions. this process is known as |
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| according to Vygotsky, the 3 functions of play are |
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| self-gratification, use of symbols and self-regulation |
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| according to Vygotsky, the relationship between learning and development is |
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| learning leads development |
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| according to Vyg, good instruction is aimed at __________ capabilities that are still under developed |
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Active or passive child?
Piaget =
Behaviorism =
Vygotsky = |
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piaget = active child
behaviorism = passive child
vygotsky = active child and environment |
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Vyg vs Piaget
The young child is social or not? |
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piaget = egotistical and anti-social
vygotsky = social |
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| in regards to Language, piaget thinks private speech is __________ and Vygotsky thinks private speech is ____ |
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piaget = early and immature
vygotsky= advanced & evolves later |
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| Vygotsky follows a hybrid of metatheories: |
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| contextual and organismic |
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| what type of change is linear? |
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| what type of change is like steps? |
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| physiognomic perception has _____ properties |
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| sensorimotor stage is ____ oriented |
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action
no language
no symbolism |
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| in pre-operational stage the main problem with the thinking is |
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| there is egocentrism, no logical thought and can't take perspective of others |
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| distinction between formal operations and concrete |
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| the content can be abstract |
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