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Theories of Criminality
Theories of Criminality by Frank P. Williams & Marilyn D. MchShane Chapters 1-7
44
Criminology
Undergraduate 2
03/10/2010

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Term
Aker's 6 Criteria for evaluating theory
Definition
1) Logical Consitency
2) Scope - Range of phenomena explained by the theory
3)Parsimony - How complex
4)Testability
5)Fit w/ emperical evidence
6)Policy implications - is it useful?
Term
"American Dream"
Definition
Strain Theory - not everyone has equal resources to achieve the American dream, which causes a STRAIN - they question the system
Term
Anomie
Definition
A state where norms in a society are confused, unclear, or not present - oil crisis of the 80s
Term
Atavist
Definition
Cesare Lombroso - Positivism - someone who is less-evolved.
Term
Becker's 4 types of deviant behavior
Definition
Falsely accused, pure deviant, conforming, secret deviant.
Term
Chicago Area Project
Definition
First large-scale urban deliquency.
Term
The Chicago School
Definition
Looks at environmental factors - people's surroundings cause them to commit crime.
Term
The Classical School
Definition
mid 1700s first to study why people commit crimes. People want to maximze pleasure and minimize costs. Consistent and modest punishment.
Term
Collective conscience
Definition
Values that society agrees on.
Term
Concentric Zone Theory
Definition
Distinguishes 5 natural urban areas of Chicago. Areas are characterized by ethnic groupings, income levels, and more.
Term
Conflict Theory
Definition
Assumes that society is based on primarily conflict between conflicting interest groups.
Term
Culture Conflict
Definition
Chicago School - Thorsten Sellin - culture collide, new culture group moves in and seen as deviant. groups that share common border.
Term
Cultural Transmission Theory
Definition
Chicago School - Sean McKay & Clifford Shaw - traditions of deliquency are transmitted through generations of the same zone in the same way language roles and attitudes are transmitted.
Term
Determinism
Definition
Positivism - Whether or not someone will become a criminal is predetermined - no free will.
Term
Differential Association
Definition
Edwin Sutherland - microlevel - Crime is learned through social interaction. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions faborable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law.
Term
Ectomorph Endomorph and mesomorph
Definition
William H Sheldon Physical Structure/ build. Positivism
Term
Eugenics
Definition
Social selection - sterilization - Buck vs. Bell people who were mentally incapable would be sterilized.
Term
Free Will
Definition
Classical School - You can change behavior.
Term
General Deterrence vs. Specific Deterrence
Definition
General - seeing someone punished for a crime.
Specific - YOU get punished, which prevents you from commiting crime again.
Term
Hedonism
Definition
Self interest - Classical School.
Term
Labeling Theory
Definition
Crime is socially constructed - definitions of crime change with time and place. Labeling someone as deviant will make them a criminal.
Term
Policy Implications of Labeling Theory
Definition
4 D's - Decriminalization // Diversion // Due Process - consistent punishment determined by law // Deinstitutionalization
Term
Left Realism
Definition
Response to Conflict Theory - Focused on the working class as victims of street crime.
Term
Marxist Criminology
Definition
Conflict Theory - conflcict between social classes. People with power make laws rigged against the lower class.
Term
Master Status
Definition
Labeling Theory - concept that suggest that there are central traits to people's identities, blinding us to other characteristics.
Term
McNaughton's Rule
Definition
Psychological Positivism - to be sane, you must be aware of what youre doing and the difference between right and wrong.
Term
Mechanical Society
Definition
Strain Theory - MORE collective conscience - small, homogenous - diversity is not tolerated.
Term
Organic Society
Definition
Strain Theory - Large modern heterogenous - high collective conscience. More diverse.
Term
Merton's modes of adaptation
Definition
Conformity + +
Innovation + -
Ritualism - +
Retreatism - -
Rebellion +- +-
Term
Middle-class measuring rod
Definition
Subculture Theory - Family name, family's position in the community, acedemic and athletic achievement.
Term
Phrenology
Definition
Biological Positivism - The study of bumps in the skull
Term
Pluralistic Conflict Model
Definition
there is no one power elite. We have a decentralized system that involves negotiation of law making
Term
Primary Deviance
Definition
Edwin Lemert - Labeling Theory - initial criminal act.
Term
Radical Conflict Model
Definition
Chambliss - The ruling class controls the resources of society and uses law as a means of control. By creating laws emphasizing behaviors of the lower class, they become criminalized.
Term
Retrospective Interpretation
Definition
Identities can be reconstructed to fit a new label. Look back and justify calling someone a criminal. Michael jackson.
Term
Social Contract
Definition
The Classical School - Give up certain pleasures for order. Government serves the people
Term
Social Control
Definition
Conflict Theory - Law enforcement, family, peers
Term
Social Disorganization Perspective
Definition
Chicago School - unable to self regulate, failure of social institutions, causes crime. social order existes when there is a high degree of internal bonding to individuals and institutions in a conventional society.
Term
Social Selection
Definition
Positivism - Garafalo - eugenics
Term
Societal Reaction Approach
Definition
Crime depends on how society reacts to an offense.
Term
Somatypes
Definition
Broad term for physical characteristics
Term
Stigmata
Definition
physical characteristics - positivism
Term
Subcultural Theory
Definition
gangs
Term
Utilitarianism
Definition
Classical School - pleasure over pain.
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