Analytic Psychology: analyzing self, clients, & dreams.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is associated with Jung.

Child=Id

Adult=Ego

Parent=Superego

Identification with the aggressor- the parent of the same sex.

The development of the superego.

Executive administrator of the personality 

The reality principle

The mediator between the id and the superego

Houses the individual's identity

The client often threatens self-destructive acts

The Greek word for death

Today, people who study death are called thanatologists

Which of these theorists is not associated with the analytic movement?

Frued, Jung, Adler, Wolpe

Developed by Joseph Wolpe

Used to weaken (desensitize) a client's response to an anxiety-producing stimuli

Works from least anxiety-arousing to most anxiety-arousing items (10-15 evenly spaced items)

Form of behavior therapy based on Pavlov's classical conditioning

Manifest content: the surface meaning

Latent content: the hidden meaning

Work of John Watson- American behaviorism

Albert was conditioned to be afraid of furry objects

He was exposed to a white rat while Watson stuck a steel bar to create a loud noise.

Demonstrated the behavioristic concept that fears are learned rather than the analytic concept that they are somehow the result of an unconscious process

A patient of Freud's colleague Joseph Breuer.

Suffered from symptoms without an organic basis- hysteria.

During hypnosis she would remember painful events she couldn't recall when she was awake

Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings

A curative process

Catharsis: mild purging

Abreaction: repressed emotional outburst is very powerful and violent

What is the most controversial aspect of Freud's theory?

What is the most important aspect of Freud's theory?

Oedipus Complex

Unconscious Mind

Subjective units of distress scale: a concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization

Behavior therapy technique- SUDS is created via the process of introspection by rating the anxiety associated with the situation.

Slips of the tongue- psychopathology of everyday life

Parapraxis

Conscious: aware of the immediate environment.

Preconscious: capable of bringing ideas, images, & thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty; can access information from the conscious & the unconscious mind.

Unconscious: composed of material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client.

Repression

When a person represses a memory, they truly forget it.  Can be brought into awareness psychoanalytically- which is called insight.

Example: A man who was sexually abused in his childhood may repress the memory of it.

Occurs when a person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner

The person acts the opposite of the way they actually feel

Occurs when a child take a parent's, caretaker's, or significant other's as his own.

Can be used as a defense mechanism.

Describe the sour grapes rationalization.

Describe the sweet lemon rationalization.

Sour grapes: the person underrates a reward to protect the self from a bruised ego

Sweet lemon: the person overrates a reward to protect the self from a bruised ego

The ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or a picture for an extended period of time.

It is usually is gone by the time a child reaches adolescence.

Describe the newer constructivist theories.

Name two constructivist therapies.

Stress that we must understand our clients' view (constructs) to explain their problems.

Brief therapy: examines what worked for the client in the past 

Narrative therapy: looks at the stories in the client's life and tries to rewrite or reconstruct the stories when necessary

Name some of the Neo-Freudians.

What do they stress?

Alfred Adler

Karen Horney

Erik Erikson

Harry Stack Sullivan

Erich Fromm

Stressed the importance of cultural (social) issues and interpersonal (social) relations

Popularized by Carl Rogers

Felt that the counselor must care for the client even when the counselor is uncomfortable or disagrees with with client's position.  The client accepts the client just the way they are without any stipulations.

Introversion: turning in of the libido; is one's own primary source of pleasure; shy away from social situations if possible; inward directiveness

Extroversion: turning out of the libido; satisfaction & pleasure in other people; seeks external rewards; outward directiveness

Extroversion/Introversion

Sensing (current perception)/Intuition (future abstractions & possibilities)

Thinking/Feeling

Judging (organizing & controlling outside world)/Perceiving (observing events)

One of Adler's students

Was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice

Thematic Apperception Test

A projective test in which the client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story

Introduced in 1938 by Henry Murray

A term coined by Jung

Implies that all humans have "collected" universal inherited, unconscious patterns.

Associated with Viktor Frankl

Seem to defy logic as the client is told to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior

Often the direct antithesis of common sense directives

Popular in family therapy due to Jay Haley & Milton H. Erickson

A primal universal symbol, which means the same thing to all men & women

The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation

Ex.: the persona, animus, anima, self, shadow

Encompasses everything an individual refuses to acknowledge

Represents the unconscious opposite of the individual's conscious expression

Occurs when a counselor is able to experience the client's point of view in terms of feelings & cognitions

Empathy is a subjective understanding of the client in the here-and-now

Psychoanalytic concept

States that if you only deal with the symptom another symptom will manifest itself since the real problem is in the unconscious mind

Behaviors strive for symptom reduction and do not believe in the concept of symptom substitution

True eclecticism is much more than "a hodgepodge of facts"; needs to be rigidly scientific

Define associationism. 

Who was the pioneer of it?

Ideas are held together by associations.

John Locke

The "Minnesota Viewpoint"

He attempted to match clients' traits with a career

Also known as the "trait factor" approach

Positive: occurs when something is added after a behavior and the behavior decreases

Negative: occurs when a stimulus is removed following the behavior and the response decreases

Also called "second order conditioning"

Occurs when a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction

Occurs when the CS is not reinforced via the US

Not actually eliminated but is suppressed ("inhibited")

It may reappear, but it will be weaker

When using extinction to eliminate a behavior, the behavior will get worse before it is eliminated

Also called an extinction burst.

A behavioristic term

A sequence of behaviors in which one response renders a cue that the next response is to occur

Simple behaviors are learned and then "chained" so that a complex behavior can take place

A series of operants joined together by reinforcers

Postulated the "law of effect"- "trial and error learning"

This theory assumes that satisfying associations related to a given behavior will cause it to be "stamped in," while those associated with annoying consequences are "stamped out"

Also known as "specificity"

Used in an attempt to eliminate vague language

Empathy: ability to experience the client's subjective world

Sympathy: compassion; associated with pity

A physiologist who developed a relaxation technique in which muscle groups are alternately tensed and relaxed until the whole body is in a state of relaxation.  

Popular in the behavior therapy movement due to its simplicity and efficacy.

States that a moderate amount of arousal actually improves performance. 

Mild anxiety often can be a plus, since it keeps arousal at a moderate level

Describe aversive conditioning.

Give an example.

Pairing an aversive & unpleasant stimulus with the undesired substance/behavior to reduce the satisfaction of it.

Ethical dilemmas occur with this technique.

Pairing alcohol with a drug called Antabuse.

A treatment model created by George A. Kelly.

Client is given a sketch of a person or a fixed role & instructed to read the script at least 3 times a day and to act, think, and verbalize like the person in the script.  

Very systematic

Also called "psychology of personal constructs"

Relaxation training

Construction of anxiety hierarchy

Desensitization in imagination

In vivo desensitization

Desensitization in the imagination

Relaxation obscures the anxiety of the imaged scene in the hierarchy

Implies that one item conceals or covers another

The client actually exposes himself to the scary situations in the anxiety-arousing hierarchy.

Experts believe that "in vivo" experiences should not begin until the client has been desensitized to 75% of the hierarchy items

Define sensate focus.

Who developed it?

What does it entail?

A form of behavior sex therapy

William H. Masters & Virginia Johnson

The couple is told to engage in touching/caressing (to lower anxiety levels) on a graduated basis until intercourse is possible

Believed that repeated sexual gratification was necessary for the cure of emotional maladies.

His orgone box was a device the client would sit in to increase orgone life energy.

These boxes were outlawed by the FDA, & he died in jail

Created conditioned reflex therapy

Set the stage for modern assertiveness training

Hated the pscyhoanalytic model

Sometimes called the father of behavior therapy

Desensitization: to make one less sensitive to a stimulus

Sensitization: to make one more sensitive to a stimulus

Developed by T.G. Stampfl

Conducted using the imagination and sometimes relies on psychoanalytic symbolism

Used to introduce clients to the thing they fear

The client is genuinely exposed to the feared stimulus

Also called "deliberate exposure with response prevention."

Effective with agoraphobia & OCD

Did not believe punishment was very effective.

Felt that after punishment was administered, the behavior would manifest again.

Eye Movement Desensitization & Reprocessing

Created by Francine Shapiro

Used to deal with traumatic memories

Moving eyes back and forth to abate disturbing memories

Behaviors the counselor engages in to show they are truly engage in active listening.

Ex.: eye contact, "mmhmmm"

1)  Not attending or detracting significantly from the client's verbal & behavioral expressions.

2)  Subtracts noticeable affect from the communication.

3)  Feelings expressed by the client are basically interchangeable with the client's meaning and affect.

4)  Counselor adds noticeably to the client's affect.

5)  Counselor adds significantly to the client's feeling, meaning even in the client's deepest moments.

REBT (formerly known as RET)

"Men are disturbed not by things, but of the view which they take of them."

The client's perception in the here-and-now.

The focus is on what the person can become.

Horizontal:  assumes equality between people (I-Thou) (Rogerian Person-Centered)

Vertical: the counselor is viewed as the expert

Umwelt: physical

Mitwelt: relationship

Eigenwelt: identity

The frustration of the will to meaning.

Counselor assists the client in finding meaning in life so the client can write her own life story by making meaningful choices.

Rational Behavior Therapy

Like REBT, but clients perform written self-analysis (used with substance abuse & multicultural counseling)

Works well with group therapy- counselor in teaching role shows members how to apply techniques to their own lives.

Utilizes rational-emotive imagery.

Asserts that the only person whose behavior we can control is our own.  

Our behavior is our best attempt to control our world to satisfy our wants and needs.

A technique favored by behavior therapists, which is a verbal or written agreement between the counselor and the client.

In reality therapy, it is a plan created to help the client master his target behaviors.

Some of the most valuable verbalizations occur after a period of silence.

It gives the client time to assimilate the counseling process.

Is helpful in non-directive therapies because it encourages the client to guide the session.

Can be threatening for clients & counselors originally.

A responsible person.

Feels worthy and significant to others.

The client assumes responsibility for their own happiness.

A=activating event

B=belief system

C=emotional consequence

-It's absolutely necessary to be loved or approved of by every significant person in your life.

-You must be thoroughly competent in all ares of your life to consider yourself worthwhile.

-Some people are bad and wicked & thus should be punished for their actions.

-It is awful or catastrophic when things are not the way you want them to be.

-Unhappiness is caused externally by other things & people

-An individual's past determines his or her happiness

-It's terrible if a perfect solution to every problem cannot be found

-You need someone stronger than yourself to lean on

D=disputing the irrational behavior at B

E=a new emotional consequence

Occurs when a client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his or her thinking.  

Also called "absolutist thinking"

An approach similar to REBT.

Restructuring occurs when the client begins to think in healthy new ways using different internal dialogue.

"Self Instructional Therapy"

Describe the S-R model.

How is it different from REBT?

Asserts that a stimulus causes a response.

Stimulus=activating event & Response=emotional consequence.  But it leaves out the client's belief system.

Developed by B.F. Skinner

Makes the assumption that the environment maintains and supports behavior and that only overt behaviors are the subject of treatment.

Believed depression is the result of a cognitive triad of negative beliefs regarding oneself, one's future, and one's experience.

Emphasized "rules" or "formulas of living" which cause unhappiness, and he suggested new rules the client can test

Shown to be applicable in cases of phobia & anxiety.

1)  "Educational Phase": taught to monitor the impact of inner dialogue on behavior.

2)  "Rehearsal Phase": clients are taught to rehearse new self-talk.

3)  "Application Phase": new inner dialogue is attempted during actual stress-producing situations.

The Nurturing Parent: a sympathetic, caring, and protective function.

The Critical Parent: master of shoulds, oughts, and musts.

The Prejudicial Parent: an opinionated function with biases not based on fact.

Also called "neopsyche"

Rational, logical, & does not focus on feelings

Natural Child: what the person would be naturally: spontaneous, impulsive, & untrained

Little Professor: creative & intuitive; acts on hunches, often without the necessary information

Adapted Child: learns how to comply to avoid a parental slap on the hand

Occurs when vectors from a message sent & a message received do not run parallel.

Result in a dead-lock of communication or a host of hurtful feelings.

His three roles necessary for manipulative drama: persecutor, rescuer, victim

Person switches between roles during interactions.

A transaction with a concealed motive.

Prevent honest intimate discussion; one player is always left with negative feelings

Have predictable outcomes as a result of ulterior transactions.  An ulterior transaction occurs when a disguised message is sent.

Popular in Gestalt model & TA therapy.

The person imagines that another individual is in a chair in front of him and then the client talks to the person.

It is the only technique used by both TA & behavior therapists

1st Degree: the hurt is innocuous

2nd Degree: the hurt is more serious

3rd Degree: the hurt can be permanent or on occasion deadly

No love

No mind

No joy

1:  Tension building phase, where arguments erupt very easily (women "walking on eggshells")

2:  Battering or acute incident phase, with actual fight/abuse/sexual abuse/homicide occurs

3:  Makeup phase (honeymoon phase), romantic moonlight dinners ("I'll never do it again")

The cycle become more rapid, and the honeymoon phase may seek to exist.

Never Script: person feels they'll never succeed

Always Script: individuals will always remain a certain way

After Script: result in a way a person believes he or she will behave after a certain event occurs

Open-ended Script: the person has no direction or plan

Until Script: client is not allowed to feel good until a certain accomplishment or event arrives

Desirable/Less Desirable Scripts

Contain hidden transactions as two or more ego states are operating at the same time.

There are secret, covert, and ulterior messages

"Top Dog": critical parent portion of the personality which is very authoritarian & quick to use "shoulds" & "oughts"

"Underdog": seen as weak, powerless, passive, & full of excuses

These splits in personality wage war within the individual

authentic & genuine, not phony

gives positive regard through acceptance

accurate empathic understanding

Rates the counselor effectiveness from 1 to 5.

The higher the rating the better the counselor is facilitating client growth.

"Global Scale for Rating Helper Responses"

1: doesn't attend to client's needs; may discredit/scold client

2: the response is superficial & deals only partially with surface feelings

3: response does facilitate growth even though it's only limited to surface feelings; counselor does not distort content

4: evident when the counselor goes beyond reflection & deals with underlying feelings & meaning

In reframing, the counselor helps the client perceive a given situation in a new light to produce a new emotional reaction.

In anchoring, a desirable emotional state is evoked through an outside stimulus such as a touch/sound/specific bodily motion.

Similar to classical conditioning or posthypnotic suggestions (suggestions which work after you leave the hypnotist's office)

Emphasizes the importance of eye movement in determining a person's "representational system" for storing information

The client is told to recount the dream "as if it is happening in the present."

Everything in the dream is considered a projection of the self- i.e. the client is every person in the dream.  

Emphasizes experiences instead of interpretation

Works well for group intervention

An operant behavior modification term

A behavior is gradually accomplished by reinforcing "successive steps" until the target behavior is reached

Also known as "shaping"

Was invented by Jacob L. Moreno, who first coined the term "group therapy" in 1931.

Incorporates role-playing into the treatment process.

Phony layer

Phobic layer (fear that others will reject his uniqueness)

Impasse layer (the person feels stuck)

Implosive layer (willingness to expose the true self)

Explosive layer (person has relief due to authenticity)

A system of psychology proposed by Max Wertheimer of Germany in the 1920s

This system emphasized that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts

1) "Insight learning", as discovered by Wolfgang Kohler

2) Bluma Zeigarnik's "Zeigarnik's effect"; suggests that motivated people tend to experience tension due to unfinished tasks- thus recalling unfinished activities better

3) Wertheimer's "phi-phenomenon"; the illusion of movement can be achieved via 2/+ stimuli which are not moving

stage fright

rehearsal

Nondirective counseling

Client-centered therapy

Person-centered approach

"third force psychology"

was a reaction to behaviorism and psychoanalysis

In the person-centered approach, what must an effective counselor possess:

What do these traits foster?

empathy

congruence

genuineness

demonstrate unconditional positive regard

create a desirable "I-thou" relationship

"climate for growth"

Name/Theory

Rogers

Name/Theory

Berne

Name/Theory

Freud

Name/Theory

Ellis

Name/Theory

Perls

Name/Theory

Glasser

Name/Theory

Adler

Name/Theory

Jung

Name/Theory

Skinner

Name/Theory

Bandura

Name/Theory

Frankl

Name/Theory

Williamson

Person=?

Rogers: Person-centered

Person=?

Berne: Transactional Analysis

Person=?

Freud: Psychoanalysis

Person=?

Ellis: Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy

Person=?

Perls: Gestalt

Person=?

Glasser:Reality Therapy

Person=?

Adler: Individual Psychology

Person=?

Jung:Analytic Pyschology

Person=?

Skinner (Behavior Modification)

Person=?

Bandura:Neobehavioristic

Person=?

Frankl:Logotherapy

Person=?

Williamson:Trait-factor

Analogous to the doctor-patient model.

The consultant is paid to diagnose the problem and prescribe a solution.

The focus is on the agency or organization, not the individual client.  

The focus in not on the content of the problem but rather the process used to solve the problem.

Name some helpful nonverbal behavior.

Name some nonhelpful nonverbal behavior.

leaning forward slightly

eye contact

appropriate facial expressions

frowning

yawning

sitting far away from the client

repeatedly closing your eyes

shaking a finger at the client

acting as if you're in a hurry

talking extremely fast or slow

Task-facilitative: when the counselor's thoughts are in relation to the client

Abstractive: the counselor is thinking about his own concerns (how much money he's making that day, where to go for lunch, etc.)

Expertise: the manner in which the client perceives the counselor, not the way the counselor perceives themselves

Attractiveness: implies that positive feelings and thoughts regarding the counselor are helpful

Trustworthiness

Competence: reflects the counselor's feelings regarding his or her adequacy

Power: a positive trait used to enhance the client's growth; counselors who struggle with this may become rigid, coercive, or even belligerent towards their client

Intimacy: counselors struggling with this may be extremely nondirective or afraid to confront clients for fear of rejection

His books which teach a systematic approach to effective helping (The Skilled Helper)

"Accomplishment-competence": feeling that an accomplishment can impact upon one's feelings of competence, or the client's perception of the helper's expertise

Basic empathy: the counselor's response is on the same level as the client's

Subtractive empathy: the counselor's behavior does not completely convey an understanding of what has been communication

Additive empathy: more desirable since it adds to the client's understanding and awareness