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| Genesis 4: written by J, Cain murders his brother. Cain in Hebrew means "acquisition" or production. Abel means "emptiness, futility". We see both punishment for sins (banishment) and Gods compassion (God protects Cain) |
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| Eve's newborn son Cain, Eve in fact conceived and bore Cain through a wicked angel (satan) |
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| (1862-1932) German biblical scholar, emphasized that the biblical texts originated from an oral tradition, discerned many etiologies in the OT stories. |
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| Cain and Abel (modern scholars) |
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Definition
| view it as an etiological story about the Kenites, a ferocious tribe.. |
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| Cain and Abel (later Christian interpretation) |
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Definition
| (St. Augustine) used typological analysis in which Cain represents those who killed Christ, who is represented by Abel |
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| Genealogies in Genesis 4-5 |
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Definition
| J Author, emphasizes those who provided the civilized world with play musical instruments |
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| Genealogies Genesis 5:1-32 |
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| P author, exaggerated life spans, symbolically emphasize the superiority of our beginnings |
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| The Flood Narratives in Genesis 6-9 |
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| (Jand P) the covenant with Noah. "be fruitful and multiply" This renewal of the covenant in which God promises never again to destroy the earth. Thus, how humans treat and interact with creation reflects our attitude towards God and the covenant; the restoration of the covenant restores our responsibility to steward God's good creation and emphasizes the sanctity of life. |
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| take 7 pairs of all clean animals, a male and female, and a pair of unclean animals. the waters of the flood were upon the earth after seven days, and the rain lasts forty days and forty nights |
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| two and two, male and female, went into the Ark with Noah, as God commanded Noah. the flood lasts one hundred fifty days. |
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| God punishes the world for its sinfulness but spares ones man who remains faithful. restores the original blessing and covenant with the world. God was warning that generation that if they fail to "shape up" they will be killed in exactly 120 years. Obedience brings salvation symbolized by the ark. |
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| J author continues to reveal human wickedness, a babylonian ziggurat constructed as a means to reach the gods, thus partaking in idolatry. relevant meaning as the reality of human arrogance, idolatry, and pride. pun on words, Babel represents Babylon balal means "he confused": People sought to reach God's divine realm above, never think too highly of themselves. Modern scholars view the story as a polemic against Babylonian culture. |
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Definition
| stories of Israel's development through its Patriarchs and Matriarchs |
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| Jospeh Cycle, about the founding father of Israel who helps to save his people from starvation. These are the stories of the founding fathers and mothers of the tribes of Israel |
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| Genesis stories are placed in... |
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| Middle Bronze period, 2100-1700BC, Semi Nomadic culture: Fertile crescent had a mixed population of Nomads, semi-nomads, and city dwellers |
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| determine who belongs to your clan and who is an outsider, and full citizenship was determined by landownership |
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| the worship of one particular God while accepting the existence of other gods. |
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| narratives explaining the origin and/or meaning of a social practice, land, place, or ritual |
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| those who worship one God and do not accept the existence of other gods |
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| father of all monotheists. Israel became monotheistic after the Exile. Abrahams journey begins in Ur in mesopotamia, settles in Beersheba in southern Canaan, whenever God speaks Abraham listens and responds obediently. Abrams absolute obedience was tested when told to sacrifice favorite son, Isaac, angel of the lord appears (E source) |
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| key starting point for the Patriarchal Narratives, Call of Abraham (Gen 12). God calls Abram to leave homelands but makes these promise: Yahweh will lead Abram to land, provide many descendants, bestow blessings upon him and his family, defeat enemies and ultimately lead Israel to the Promised Land |
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| Philo interpretation of Abraham.. |
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Definition
| Abraham thus represents any soul or person who leaves his or her former way of life. |
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| father of the science of "Biblical Archaeology" |
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| lies not in "proving" everything in the Bible but rather providing information about biblical lands, culture, and events |
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Definition
| four times in Genesis God makes a covenent with Abraham |
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| covenant in Genesis 12:1-3 |
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Definition
| (J)great nation, many offspring, bless, protection |
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| (J and E) promises Abraham land and offspring, or heirs, and his descendants hall be as numerous as the starts in the sky |
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| (P) covenant of circumcision, many offspring, permanent ownership of the land, changes Abram's name to Abraham and Sari to Sarah; signifies important change in thei lives; God foretells Abraham that he will bear a son and call him Isaac. |
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| Key issue to look for in Covenant stories |
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Definition
| rivalry between family members, deceit for selfish purposes, jealousy, conflict, within the families. |
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| reveals the importance of hospitality in the Ancient Near East, contrasts with the lack of hospitality shown by the men of Sodom. Abraham challenge God on behalf of the innocent in S & G, as compared to Lot's more passive attitude and disturbing offer of his two daughters. Lot flee's while his wife looks back-turns into a pillar of salt. after Lot's daughters get their dad so drunk they get impregnated by him! Grave sin of homosexuality is present |
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| children born of the illicit activity (Lot's daughters getting him drunk) |
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| Genesis 24-27, Isaac plays a transitional role between Abraham and the Jacob stories. Abraham's servant convinces Rebekah and her brother Laban to allow Rebekah to marry Isaac, marriage then prepares Rebekah for primary role in the deception of the elderly Isaac, she helps her favored son Jacob receive his father's blessing instead of his older, more deserving, brother. |
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| Genesis 34, Jacobs Daughter, Dinah is raped and her brothers Simeon and Levi get revenge against Shechem, the rapist, they trick every man into being circumcised all the men are in pain and on the third day Simeon and Levi attack and kill all the males all plunder all their wealth, herds, women, and children. Jacob was upset but reconciliation was attempted |
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| "Such a thing ought not to be done", lesson of this story in forbidding intermarriage, (between tribes), intermarriage was forbidden in Deuteronomy, scholars view the story of Dinah as a later insertion meant to explain Jacob's mention of the violent tempers of Simion and Levi |
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| the younger son who is favored and gifted, becomes victim of older brothers jealousy and brutality. seemed to have taken place during Hyksos rule in egypt. Scholars view cycles arising from Ancient Near Eastern wisdom traditions Stories also show how god uses the seemingly weak to do great things |
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| book that continues where Genesis ended, God's promises to Abraham have come to be fulfilled for. The israelites have become prosperous, and now are perceived as a threat by the Egyptian Pharaoh |
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| Pharoah who followed Ramses II, mentions Israel out side of the bible, provides a good example of the value of archaeological discoveries |
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| Part 1: 1)Moses the Divine Name; Plagues; Passover; the deliverance from Egypt; journey to Sinai/Horeb |
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focus on the revelation of God in theophany at Sinai; the giving of the Law; the covenant at Sinai; the sin of
the people and renewal of the covenant; dedication of the tabernacle and revelation of God |
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Definition
| a portable tent-shrine, that the Israelites carried with them throughout their wilderness journeys; within the tabernacle, a decorative box called the "Holy of Holies" contained the tablets of the Law. God was believed to dwell most powerfully within this inner sanctum |
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| Importance of Part 2 of Exodus |
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Definition
| largely in the wilderness, the journey to the promised land, detailed accounts of the construction of the tabernacle, construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. |
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| a society ruled directly by God |
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| Difference between Abraham and Moses pact |
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Definition
| the pact with Abraham and his descendants was unconditional, the Mosaic covenant is conditional |
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| ca. 1250BC, formative understanding, development as God's chosen people, God's deliverance and faithfulness, establishment and promulgation of Torah, the Passover, was written 400 years after the death of Jospeh |
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| his name is derived from the word meaning "draw out" as he was drawn out of the water being adopted by Pharaoh's daughter |
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| preferential option for the poor, views the exodus story as relevant to oppressed peoples |
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| focuses on how the final editors or "redactors" utilized the sources |
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Definition
| study of various biblical traditions that seeks to determine their development and how they became linked with other traditions. use of various oral and written sources and traditions |
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| notice the role of midwives, nurse, in protecting Moses and abetting God's plan. Pharoah wanted the male Hebrew babies killed, the women thwart the plan of male leaders |
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| the one called, first expresses surprise, then doubt or unworthiness. God equips the one chosen for the task at hand. The voice from the fire symbolizes the Divine presence, the ground which is usually seen as unclean becomes holy in the presence of YHWH |
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| the revelation of the divine name occurs in the burning bush episode, the bush is not comsumed, reveal that God has see Israel's misery, has now "come down" in a theophany to assure moses |
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| God suddenly tries to kill Moses, saved by intervention of his wife, Zipporah, quickly circumcises their son. Ancient interpreters view this story as emphasizing the absolute importance of circumcision. it also explains why Israelites perform circumcision on infants |
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have YHWH as the one who "hardens" Pharaoh's heart, the heart coincides with our concept of "Mind" and represents the moral core of a person.
Plagues:
1. water turned to blood (J)
2. Frogs (J)
3. Gnats (P)
4. Flies (J)
5. Livestock Killed (J)
6. Boils (P)
7. Thunder and Hail
8. Locusts
9. Darkness
10. Death of the Firstborn |
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| applies to people who become closed-minded and stubborn, often in a sinful manner |
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| Scholars explanation of the plagues |
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Definition
| try to find natural explanation of the plagues, parallel to the plagues in the book of Psalms, both psalms have the plagues in a different order than in Exodus. |
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| held in conjunction with the Feast of Unleavened Bread, it is essential to Jewish identity, stresses the importance of remembering and reenacting "their story" |
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| J, Israel remains on the shore while YHWH sends forth a strong east wind, pulls back the sea to expose its dry bed, in the morning when the Egyptians pass through YHWH sends the waters back and they drown. |
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| considered most ancient Hebrew Bible texts, praises YHWH as a triumphant and invincible warrior, strinking fear into Israel's enemies, narrates Israel's triumph and entrance into the promised Land |
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| Interpretation of Song of Moses |
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Definition
| Yahweh is depicted as a fierce warrior, send forth the "breath" to defeat the Egyptians while saving with mercy. poem anticipates their buidling of the Tabernacle, with the ark of the covenent which they would bring into the promised land. |
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| the abode in which YHWH dwells, which contains the Commandments |
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yam suf, or "Sea of Reeds" maybe a historical account of a smaller group of people who fled oppression by crossing a lake or marsh.
attributing their singing in unison to prophecy, Modern Scholars: concluded that this hymn predates the narrative that precedes it, never actually mentions the sea being split apart. |
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Definition
Manna, and Water from the Rock:
on the way to the Promised Land, Israelites lacked food, God "Rained bread from heaven" called "manna". The israelite scomplain about a lack of water, under God's command, Moses strikes a rock with his staff and water gushes forth.
interpreters views the rock as a source of drinking water moved or was transported with the Israelites on their journey of forty years. |
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| manifestations of God's presence and power, |
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the forty days and forty nights, the cloud covers the mt. symbolizes the divine midterm covers the mountain for 6 days, seventh day God calls Moses, and he enters, depicted as giving Moses the "two tablets of the Commandments" which were "written by the finger of God"
number 40 symbolizes a time of testing, leading to a new creation or healing |
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Term
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Definition
wanderings of Israel through the wilderness as depicted in Exodus and Numbers reflect the transition of God's chosen people from oppression in Egypt, sojourn in the wilderness, settlement in the promised land in fulfillment of God's promises.
Key to this experience is the depiction in the final form of the Pentateuch that God Revealed the Law to Moses on the Holy Mountain. |
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Term
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Definition
| provides a context for Israel's oppression in Egypt, presents the figure of Moses and his call to be Israel's divinely-chosen prophet and law giver, the actual exodus from Egypt, wilderness journey, Theophanies at Sinai, the giving of the Law, construction of the Tent of Meeting and Dwelling/Tabernacle |
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Definition
| descrive Israel's sojourn in the wilderness, from Sinai to their arrival at the promised land. contains legal ordinance, several elements in Numbers parallel the book of exodus. |
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Definition
| means "second law", complete, final, and expanded form of the Law proclaimed by YHWH on Mt. Sinai. Moses is presented exhorting, correcting, and encouraging the people to remain obedient and loyal to the covenant and commitment with YHWH and the law, it was Moses' last will and testament. events are depicted occuring in the plains of Moab from the end of the wilderness wandering until Moses' death and the selection of Joshua as his successor, the promised land, moses views cannot enter |
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Term
| Law Codes and their social settings |
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Definition
| 1) the covenant code reflects a rural setting. 2)the Deuteronomic code reflects an urban setting during the monarchy 3) the holiness code originated among priests but is presented as binding upon all Israelites |
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"Decalogue" first four present crimes against God, last six represent crimes against humans. presented in the form of negative commands.
1. You shall have no other God besides me
2. you shall not make idols
3. You shall not take the lords name in vain.
4. Remember to keep holy the sabath day
5. Honor your father and mother
6. You shall not kill
7. You shall not commit adultery
8. You shall not steal
9. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor
10. You shall not covet your neighbors house, wife or belongings |
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| imperative absolutes are presented in a negative form |
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| other gods do exist, in this ancient view but the Israelities shall not worship them. |
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clay tablets from an ancient city.
1. Self-identification of the speaker
2. Historical prologue
3. Treaty Stipulations
4. Public placement of the treaty
5. Mention of gods who act as witnesses
6. Blessings and Curses based on whether one upholds or defies the requirements |
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Definition
| of the 10 commandments, predates the monarchy, 10 commandments represent the oldest part of the Law |
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| The book of Exodus concludes with the Priestly account of the erection of the Tabernacl, which contains the Ark of commandments, "on the first day of the first month." the glory of the lord fills the Tabernacle affirming God's presence with Israel and giving divine authorization to their cultic practices. |
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two types of laws, those between God and humans and those between humans, in defining "holiness" note the emphasis on ritual purity, sacrifices, and feasts. 1) you shall not hate your kinsfolk in your heart 2) you must reprove your neighbor, but must not take revenge or keep grudges 3) you must love your neighbor as yourself
others you shall even more than your own life |
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| The lord our God, the Lord is one; an you shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your stength, you shall love your neighbor as yourself. There is no other commandment greater than tese |
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Definition
| religious laws regulating sacrifice, Holy days, and purity rises |
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Definition
| Hebrew qodesh means "holiness, consecrated" and indicates "separation" |
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Definition
| physical offerings to God, which for the Israelites included meat, grains, produce, oil and wine. Priests officiated over the sacrifices, which were offered in the temple |
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1) The Festival of Unleavened bread/passover.
2) The Feast of Weeks or "Pentecost"
3) The Feast of Booths, or "Tabernacles" |
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Term
| The Feast of Unleavened Bread/Passover |
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Definition
| originated in a spring lambing festival, unleavened bread from a harvest festival among farmers, these separate festivals attained religious significance, sacrifice of a lamb and sprinkling of its blood, help assure the safety and prosperity of the flocks |
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| The feast of Weeks or "pentecost" |
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Definition
| originated as an agricultural festival, gave thanks to God for the "first fruits" or early harvest. occurs fifty days after Passover. No one may work on this day and sacrifices must be offered, along with "making merry" |
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| The Feast of Booths, or "Tabernacles" |
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Definition
| eight day festival occuring in late September-early October, no work is done and offerings are made, God had the Israelites dwell in "booths", leviticus says this, Exodus says nothing about this |
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| The day of Atonement (Yom kippur) |
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Definition
| tenth day of the seventh month - ten days after the New Year, required to fast and do no work, may be purified of sin, sins were symbolically placed upon a "scapegoat" which was sent off into the wilderness |
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| Mose's first cousin, Korah, leads a revolt against him, he and his cohorts are swallowed up in an earthquake |
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Ch 1-3: The call of Moses and the Divine Name
Ch 7-11 The Plagues
Ch 15 The Song of the Sea
16-17 manna and the Quial and water from the Rock
19 The Sinai Theophany
20 The Decalogue
32 The Golden Calf
40 Presence of God in the Dwelling |
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Definition
17-26 Holiness Code
19 Love your Neighbor
16, 23 - The Day of Atonement |
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Definition
| Ch 16 Korah's rebillion - the sin of Moses and Aaron |
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The Shema, CH 16 lists the major Jewish Feasts Ch 30 - summary of the key aspects of Deuteronomy's theology
Deuteronomy has a strong ethic of social justice throughout, for example ch 24 on justice, charity, and equality, one must care for "the porr, the needy, alien, orphan and widow"
Ch 32: The Song of Moses |
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Term
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Definition
| ch 30 people have a choice of "two ways", choose "life" by keeping the commandments of Torah, assures one of a long life, blessing, and inheritance of the land, those who fail to observe the commandments and turn their "hearts, "other gods - a particular obsession of D - will perish and not enter the land. |
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Term
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Definition
| published an artictle proposed "loving God" derives from ancient covenant treaties in which loving God means erivice, obedience, and fea, to love God with "all your heart" really refers more the obedient service than to an emotional devotion. |
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