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The Surgical Client
Perioperative Care
77
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
07/19/2011

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Term
Perioperative Care
Definition
care that clients receive before,during and after surgery
Term
Perioperative Period
Definition
starts when clients or their families in an emergency learn that surgery is necessary and ends when clients are transported to the operating room
Term
Inpatient surgery
Definition
is the term used for procedures performed on a client who is admitted to the hospital expected to remain at least overnight and in need of nursing care for more than 1 day
Term
Anesthesiologist
Definition
physician who administers chemical agents that temporarily eliminate sensation and pain
Term
Anesthetist
Definition
nurse specialist who administers anesthesia under the direction of a physician
Term
Outpatient Surgery
Definition
used for operative procedures performed on clients who return home the same day
Term
Optional Surgery
Definition
is performed at the clients request. (cosmetic purposes)
Term
Elective Surgery
Definition
is planned at the clients convenience. Failure to have the surgery does not result in a catastrophe (surgery for a superficial cyst)
Term
Required Surgery
Definition
is necessary ad should be done relatively promptly. (surgery for removal of a cataract)
Term
Urgent Surgery
Definition
is required promptly, within 1-2 days if at all possible. (surgery for a malignant tumor)
Term
Emergency Surgery
Definition
is required immediately for survival. (to relieve intestinal perforation)
Term
Diagnostic Surgery
Definition
removal and study of tissue to make a diagnosis
Term
Exploratory Surgery
Definition
More extensive means to diagnosis a problem; usually involves exploration of a body cavity or use of scopes inserted through small incisions
Term
Palliative Surgery
Definition
relief of symptoms or enhancement of function without cure
Term
Cosmetic Surgery
Definition
correction of defects, improvement of appearance or change to a physical feature
Term
Client Discharge from Outpatient Surgery is when
Definition
1. the client is awake and alert
2. vital signs are stable
3. pain and nausea are controlled
4. oral fluids is retained
5. the client voids a sufficient quantity of urine
6. the client has received discharge instructions
Term
Laser Surgery
Definition
lasers convert a solid, liquid or gas into light which when focused the energy from the light is converted into heat, causing vaporization of tissue and coagulation of blood vessels
Term
Plume
Definition
substance composed of vaporized tissue, carbon dioxide, and water that may contain intact cells and is accompanied by smoke and an offensive odor. airborne cells may contain viruses possibly including HIV so goggles and a mask is worn
Term
Informed Consent
Definition
is the permission a client gives after an explanation of the risks, benefits and alternatives are given. The physicians is responsible for providing the information that meets this criteria. A signed form witnessed by the nurse is evidence that consent has been obtained.
Term
Autologous Transfusion
Definition
self donated blood. Can be salvaged blood lost during or immediately after surgery
Term
Directed Donors
Definition
blood donors chosen from among the clients family and friends. (but not from siblings in case a future organ donation may be needed from them, antigens in the transfused blood would sensitize the recipient increasing the risk for organ or tissue rejection.)
Term
Procedures Done During The Immediate Preoperative Period
Definition
1. nursing assessment
2. preoperative teaching
3. performing methods of physical preparation
4. administering medication
5. assisting with psychosocial preparation
6. completing the surgical checklist
Term
Deep Breathing
Definition
a form of controlled ventilation that opens and fills small air passages in the lungs. Reduces the risk of respiratory complications after surgery.
Term
Atelectasis
Definition
airless collapsed lung areas which can lead to hypoexmia
Term
Pneumonia
Definition
lung infection which can lead to hypoxemia
Term
Forced Coughing
Definition
coughing that is purposely produced to clear the airways of secretions or thick sputum after surgery
Term
Thrombus
Definition
stationary blood clots in the veins that are formed from sluggish circulation or the fluid component of blood is reduced like after surgery. So they require you to do leg exercises to keep the blood from pooling in your lower extremities.
Term
Antiembolism Stockings
Definition
are knee-high or thigh-high elastic stockings, sometimes called thromboembolic disorder (TED)hose. They help to prevent thrombi and blood clots by compressing superficial veins and capillaries, redirecting the blood to larger and deeper veins where it flows more effectively to the heart
Term
Skin Preparation Preoperative
Definition
includes removing hair and cleansing of skin because they are reservoirs for microorganisms. It helps to prevent postoperative wound infections.
Term
Microabrasions
Definition
tiny cuts that provide an entrance for microorganisms. Shaving causes this so many institutions use electric clippers or don't remove hair at all.
Term
Elimination Preoperative
Definition
a clean bowel allows for improved visualization of the surgical site and prevents trauma to the intestine or accidental contamination of the abdominal cavity with feces. A distended bladder increases the risk for bladder trauma and difficulty in performing operative procedure. So a nurse may use enemas and catheters to eliminate these risk factors.
Term
Food and Fluids Preoperative
Definition
1. can consume clear liquids 2 hours before a surgical procedure
2. have a light breakfast 6 hours before surgery and eat a heavier meal 8 hours before surgery. NPO for 6 hrs.
Term
Patient Valuables Preoperative
Definition
1. leave valuables at home
2. entrust them to a family member if forgot to leave at home
3. wrap wedding ring with gauze if refuse to remove
4. otherwise health care agency itemizes, places in envelope and locks them in a designated area and the client signs a receipt and the nurse signs whereabouts in the clients medical records.
Term
Surgical Attire Preoperative
Definition
consists of a hospital gown and surgical cap and the surgeon may order knee high or thigh high antiembolism stockings or for the legs to be wrapped in elastic roller bandages to prevent venous stasis
Term
Dentures and Prostheses Preoperative
Definition
some require removal of dentures while some anesthesiologists prefer to leave well fitting ones in to preserve facial contour. Artificial limbs are removed unless otherwise ordered.
Term
Anticholinergics
Definition
are administered preoperative to decrease respiratory secretions, dry mucous membranes and prevent vagal nerve stimulation during endotracheal intubation
Term
Antianxiety
Definition
reduces preoperative anxiety, causes slight sedation, slows motor activity, and promotes the induction of anesthesia
Term
Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonist
Definition
may be given preoperative to decrease gastric acid and volume
Term
Narcotics
Definition
may be given preoperative to decrease the amount of anesthesia needed and sedates the client
Term
Sedatives
Definition
may be give preoperative to promote sleep or conscious sedation and decreases anxiety
Term
Antibiotics
Definition
may be given preoperative to destroy enteric microorganisms
Term
Psychosocial Preparation Preoperative
Definition
should begin as soon as the client is aware that surgery is necessary. Anxiety and fear can affect clients condition during and after surgery making them prone to complications and have a poor response to the surgery.
Term
Preoperative Checklist
Definition
nurse is responsible for completing and signing. operating room personnel review it when they arrive to transport client. Surgery maybe delayed if incomplete.
Term
Interoperative Period
Definition
the time during which the client under goes surgery
Term
Receiving Room
Definition
a place in the surgery department where clients are observed until the operating room and surgical team are ready. Preoperative medication may be administered there, as well as skin preparation to reduce the rate of microbial proliferation.
Term
General Anesthesia
Definition
acts on the central nervous system to produce loss of sensation, reflexes and consciousness and is delivered via inhalation or intravenous route. Clients do not remember much about the initial recovery period.
Term
Regional Anesthesia
Definition
given to higher risk patients, who will experience loss of sensation and decreased mobility to the specific anesthetized area but does not lose consciousness ex. epidural and peripheral nerve blocks. Advantage decreased risk for respiratory, cardiac and gastrointestinal complications
Term
Conscious Sedation
Definition
refers to a state in which clients are sedated and are free of pain, fear and anxiety and can tolerate unpleasant diagnostics procedures such as endoscopies and bone marrow aspiration while maintaining independent breathing. They can also respond verbally and physically. Administered intravenously. Clients are discharged shortly after the procedure.
Term
Reversal Drugs
Definition
medications that counteract the effects of those used for conscious sedation. They must be readily available in case the client becomes overly sedated.
Term
Surgical Waiting Area
Definition
is the room where family and friends wait information about the client. It is staffed by volunteers who provide comfort and news about the client. The surgeon comes there after the procedure to contact the family, then they go to a private room to ensure confidentiality
Term
Postoperative Period
Definition
begins after the operative procedure is completed and the client is transported to an area to recover from anesthesia and ends when the client is discharged
Term
Postanesthesia Care Unit
Definition
is the area in the surgical department where clients are intensively monitored to ensure the safe recovery of the surgical client from anesthesia
Term
Postoperative Care
Definition
nursing care after surgery
Term
Immediate Postoperative Period
Definition
the first 24 hours after surgery, client is monitored for complications as they recover from anesthesia, once stable a room is prepared for the clients return
Term
Initial Postoperative Assessment
Definition
1. level of consciousness
2. vital signs
3. effectiveness of respirations
4. need for supplemental oxygen
5. condition of wound and dressing
6. location of drains and drainage characteristics
7. local, type and rate of IV
8. level of pain and need for analgesia
9. presence of urinary catheter and urine volume
Term
Food and Oral Fluids Postoperative
Definition
they are withheld until surgical clients are awake,free of nausea and vomiting and bowel sounds are active.Must have gag reflex. Liquid diet then progresses to soft diet.
Term
Venous Circulation Postoperative
Definition
clients ambulate as soon as possible to reduce the potential for pulmonary and vascular complications.
Term
Pneumatic Compression Device
Definition
a machine that promotes circulation of venous blood and relocation of excess fluid into the lymphatic vessels. the device compresses the sleeved extremity either intermittently or sequentially from distal to proximal areas.
Term
Wound Management Postoperative
Definition
nurses assess the condition of the wound and the characteristics of drainage once each shift
Term
Discharge Instructions
Definition
directions for managing self-care and medical follow up
Term
Discharge Instructions Include
Definition
given verbally and written

1. care of the incision site
2. signs of complications
3. drugs to use for pain
4. self-administration of prescribed meds
5. when activity can be resumed
6. how much weight can be lifted
7. foods to consume or avoid
8. when and where next appointment
Term
Airway Occlusion
Definition
obstruction of the throat
Term
Hemorrhage
Definition
severe rapid blood loss
Term
Shock
Definition
Inadequate blood flow
Term
Pulmonary Embolus
Definition
Obstruction of circulation through the lung as a result of a wedged blood clot that began as a thrombus
Term
Hypoxemia
Definition
inadequate oxygenation of blood
Term
Adynamic Ileus
Definition
lack of bowel motility
Term
Urinary Retention
Definition
inability to void
Term
Wound Infection
Definition
proliferation of pathogens at or beneath the incision
Term
Dehiscence
Definition
separation of incision
Term
Evisceration
Definition
protrusion of abdominal organs through separated wound
Term
Post Operative Oxygen Administration
Definition
if oxygen saturation is less than 90% administer oxygen if prescribed by physician
Term
Postoperative Vital Sign Assessment
Definition
check every 15 minutes until stable
Term
Postoperative Urination
Definition
report failure to void within 8hr after surgery
Term
Preoperative skin care is best preformed
Definition
the night before surgery
Term
When the nurse assesses a client postoperative which assessment is most indicative of shock
Definition
bounding pulse
Term
After giving a preoperative medication containing a narcotic, the most important nursing action is to
Definition
raise the side rails
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