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| Trasport of dissoved substnaces into cells to serve as building blocks or energy sources. |
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| Enzymatic breakdown of substances to obtain building materials or energy. |
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| Integration of organic compounds from smaller units obtained from digestion, absorption, or some other synthesis reaction in the cell. Sythesis results in a cell's growth, secretion, or replacing worn out cellular parts. |
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| Breakdown of food (usually glucose) with the release of energy. |
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| Movement of the cell itself (locomotion) or movement of substances and structures inside the cell (internal movement) |
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| Ability to respond to external factors that affect the operations of the cell; in other words, the reponse or reaction of the cell to its environment |
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| Removal of soluble waste from the cell |
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| Elimination of nonsoluble waste from the cell |
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| Synthesis and release of substances from the cell |
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| Ability to maintain a steady state in the cell. |
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| Made of many cells, some examples are animals, humans, and plants. |
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| Organisms that are composed of just one cell, some examples are bacteria, protozoans, algae, and fungi. |
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| A collection of similar cells living together, if any cells were separated from the colony, they would live. |
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| A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a specific function. Some examples are muscle tissues and skin. |
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| Several types of tissues working together to perform a specific function. An example would be the stomach. |
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| Made up of a group of organs that work together to accomplish life functions. An example would be the digestive system. |
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| Cytoplasmic structure that performs special functions in the cell. Could be compared to organs in the human body. |
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| A major classification of cell, based on the structure of the nucleus. A Eukaryotic cell is a cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles in the cytoplasm. |
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| A major classification of cells, lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and contains only non-membrane-bound organelles. |
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| Controls movement of substances in and out of cell, serves as the outermost boundary of the cell itself, separates and protects the cell from the environment. |
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| A model describing cellular membranes as being composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins scattered throughout the membrane. |
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| A rigid or nearly rigid structure that is located on the outside of the plasma membrane. |
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| Made of cellular secretions, such as polysccharides and lipids, of varying thickness. They have no structural organization, give bacterial and algal colonies their shiny appearance and slimy feel, and they protect the organism because the material must first either dissolve the capsule or pass through it before entering the organism. |
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| All of the structures and materials inside the plasma membrane, excluding the nucleus. |
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| Cytoplasmic Matrix/Cytosol |
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| A colloid packed with various solutes and organic molecules, to hold the ganelles and are used to rapidly build structures to move organelles around the inside of the cell in a process called cytoplasmic streaming. |
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| A process that moves the organelles that contain chlorophyll throughout the cell so that they can be positioned to take best advantage of sunlight. |
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| The "powerhouse" of the cell, they are typically bean-shaped organelles that are responsible for the reactions that transform chemical energy contained in sugars into usable energy for the cell. |
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| Inner folds surrounding the mitochondria, not only greatly increase the surface area inside the mitchondria, but they also contain enzymes and other proteins embedded within the membrane. |
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| The fluid inside the mitochondria that contains enzymes needed for respiration. |
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| A non-membrane-bound organelle found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Composed of proteins and multiple strands of RNA. the primary fuction of ribosomes is protein systhesis. Can be free-floating or attached to the ER. |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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| System of interconnected folded membranes inside the cell. Provides a transportation network for compounds inside the cell and helps maintain the cell's shape. Two types: Rough, which is found in cells that produce proteins, and smooth, lacks attached ribosomes and is found in cells that screte sterols and in liver cells. |
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| "Processing Plant" of the cell, Reveives polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, and seals them in sacs and "packages" them, by pinching off the membrane of the itself as it bulges outward. |
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| Small irregularly shaped membrane-bound organelles filled with digestive enzymes. |
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| A microscopic sytem of fibers that control the cell's shape, give it strength, and move structures around the cell. |
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A long tubular extension of the plasma membrane surrounding a special arrangement of microtubules. Are long and are sparse, with usually 1-5 on the cell.
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| Similar to flagella, but are shorter and frequently cover the entire cell or an entire section of a cell. |
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| Found in plant and algae cells, but not in humans or animals, they are classified into two types: leucoplasts or chromoplasts. |
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| A plastid, a colorless structure used as a storehouse |
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| A type of plastid, a structure that contain pigments and usually function in systhesis processes. |
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| Best-known plastid, it is a green organelle in which light energy is converted into organic compounds. |
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| Where necessary enzymes and other reactants are located in the Chloroplast. |
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| A complex system of flattened sacs that contain stacks of grana. |
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| Stacks inside the thylakoidss that contain the pigment Chlorophyll, where the process of photosynthesis begins. |
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| Used to contain food, water, wastes, or other materials. They tend to be stationary in the cell or to move very slowly. |
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| Can only be described as a smaller vacuole; they are usually faster than vacuoles. |
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| Formed when the celll takes in food, a process called ingestion. |
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| The vacuole fuses with the inner surface of the plasma membrane, releasing the wastes outside the cell, left over from ingestion. This is called egestion. |
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| Collect water molecules that try to equalize the concentration difference between the water environment and the cytoplasm through osmosis. These are mainly found in unicellular organisms. |
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| Usually formed by the ER or Golgi apparatus, they transport the materials made by these structures to the plasma membrane. When the membrane and the vesicle unite, the materials are secreted. |
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| A small vesicle that contains enzymes that break down amino acids and fatty acids. These reactions create hydrogen peroxide, which can be harmful to the cell. The peroxisome contains enzymes that will break down it into water and oxygen. |
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| Is often 90% of the cell, controls the Turgor pressure of the cell. |
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| "Control Center" of the cell. Usually the most prominant feature when seen through a microscope, nuclei is the site where DNA replication and RNA transcription takes place. |
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| a double membrane that completely surrounds the nucleus. |
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| Openings in the nuclear envelopes that permit the passage of material between the cytoplasm and nuclear sap. |
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| A dark-staining spherical structure found in most cells. Contains large concentrations of RNA and is the site in the nucleus where ribsomes are partially assembled before passing through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm. |
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| The point at which something functions best. |
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| When an organism's or cell's performance is about equal. |
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| When a cell or organism gets warmer or cooler thn the limits of its optimal range, it enters the range of tolerance for temperature. |
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| The point at which the cell or organism can no longer function properly, and dies. |
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| When the concentration of solutes outside the cell is the same as the concentration inside the cell. |
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| When the solutes inside the cell are unable to move through the membrane into the water around the cell; however the water molecules can move through the membrane into the cell. This causes Cytolysis. |
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| The bursting of a cell from internal water pressure. |
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| When the solute concentration outside the cell is lower and the water is higher, but the water concentration is higher inside and the solute concentration lower. This causes plasmalysis. |
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| The process of water leaving the cell, causing it to lose turgidity and the plasma membrane to pull away from the cell wall. |
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| The movement of molecules across a membrane with the concentration gradient without the expenditure of chemical energy. |
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| Passive mediated transport |
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| When proteins contained within the membrane helps the passage of certain molecules through the cellular membrane. |
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| Membrane transport protein |
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| Proteins embedded in the cellular membrane that aid in passive mediated transport. |
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| When energy is required and the substance is moved across the membrane against the concentration gradient. |
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| The process a cell uses to transport substances in bulk across the membrane. |
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| The movement of bulk SOLID material across the membrane; a type of Endocytosis. |
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| the movement of bulk FLUIDS or SOLUTES across the membrane; a form of endocytosis. |
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| The process of releasing Phagocytic vacuoles, formed by phagocytosis, or pinocytic vesicles, formed by pinocytosis, into the solution outside the cell. |
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| Known for publishing a report of his observation of a cork using a simple compound microscope and his discovery of cells. |
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| First to describe the nucleus in 1833 as a special structure found in all cells. |
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| Stated that all plants are composed of cells in 1838. |
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| A German zoologist who stated that all animals are composed of cells in 1839. |
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| First used the term protoplasm to refer to the entire contents of cells. |
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| First proposed that cells arise only from preexisting cells. |
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1. The cell is the basic unit of all living things.
2. Cells perform all the functions of living things.
3. Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells. |
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