Term
| 5 essential components of each spinal cord reflex |
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Definition
Receptor
afferent (sensory neuron)
CNS inegration
efferent (motor) neuron
skeletal muscle contraction |
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Term
| the final activity of a single relfex may |
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Definition
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Term
| Afferent and efferent fiber components of a reflex occupy one or just a few cord segments the reflex is |
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Definition
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Term
| If afferent and efferent fibers of a reflex involve several segments |
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Definition
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Term
| Centers of the brain are included in the reflex pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| the greater the number of synapses, the ____ the central delay |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
monosynaptic
disynaptic
polysynaptic |
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Term
| Other areas in the ____ may modulate a reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| Due to the large number of inputs to the LMN (raising excitability), if the spinal cord is transsected, then LMNs would become ________ and the state would be called ___________. |
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Definition
hypoexcitable;
Spinal Cord Shock |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| As spinal reflexes resume after spinal cord shock, they may become hyperactive |
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Definition
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Term
| Spinal cord shock is is a result of _____. i.e. removal of its usual innervation and NOT the act of spinal cord damage. |
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Definition
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Term
| During recovery from spinal cord shock, the ___ reflexes emerge first |
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Definition
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Term
| Hyperreflexia of the spinal anial is more than likely due to ________ and not a change in the senstivity of receptors or effectors |
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Definition
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Term
| The receptor for the myotatic reflex is the |
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Definition
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Term
| Myotatic reflex arcs are ____synaptic and _____segmental |
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Definition
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Term
| The patellar relfex (knee jerk) causes |
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Definition
| contraction of the quadriceps muscle in the pelvic limb |
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Term
| Thoracic limb myotatic reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| antagonistic to the neurons being stimulated during the myotatic relfex |
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Definition
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Term
| LMNS are inhibited by ______ during a myotatic reflex and is called _____. and aloows for coordinated reflexive activity. |
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Definition
inhibitory interneurons;
reciprocal innervation |
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Term
| LMNS are inhibited by ______ during a myotatic reflex and is called _____. and aloows for coordinated reflexive activity. |
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Definition
inhibitory interneurons;
reciprocal innervation |
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Term
| A normal response to a myotatic relfex insures that the: (8) are working properly |
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Definition
Muscle spindles;
specific peripheral nerve
dorsal root ganglia
dorsal roots;
spinal cord segments;
venral roots;
neuromusclular junction;
skeletal muscle |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Play major roles in clonus (3) |
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Definition
muscle spindle;
altered state of the LMN;
Altered gamma cell activity |
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Term
| Clonus, recall that muscle strech ____ muscle spindles and muscle contraction ______ them. |
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Definition
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Term
Clonus:
1) sudden strech of the muscle causes high discharge of ______
2)The LMNs in the cord discharge in a _____ manner
3) the muscle _______
4)The ______ shut down because the muscle has been shortened
5) The absense of incoming spindle afferents allows the muscle to _____
6)when the muscle relaxes, gravity causes a lengthening of the muscle. This strech excited the muslce spindle and contraction starts again. |
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Definition
1)spindle afferents
2)synchronous (norm is async)
3)contracts briskly
4)muscle spindles
5)relax (when higher center control has been altered, the only input to the LMN may be through spindle afferents) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
muscle contraction
(passive muscle strech) |
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Term
| Receptor afferents in GTO are type |
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Definition
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Term
| GTO: Activation of type Ib afferents has an ______ input to LMN supplying the muscle of stimulus ORIGIN |
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Definition
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Term
| GTO: the reciprocal innervation is excitatory to LMNs that are |
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Definition
| Antagonistic to the muscle of stimulus origin. |
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Term
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Definition
| can not be observed clincally |
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Term
| abnormal spinal cord function in which GTO can be seen |
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Definition
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Term
| If sufficient force is applied to extensor rigidity, extensor tone is suddenly diminished and the limb collapses into a fully flexed position. The sudden disappearance of _______ follwed by the collapse of the limb is attributed to the onset of ______ afferent discharge from the GTO. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a clasp-knife, the additive effects of muscle _____ (____) and ______ muscle ______ overpowers the LMN pool that innervates the extended muscle. |
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Definition
contraction (rigidity);
passive muscle stretch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Polysynaptic reflex arcs (6) |
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Definition
Flexor
Extensor trust
perineal
panniculus
bladder
Babinski |
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Term
| The flexor reflex is evoked by |
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Definition
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Term
| spinothalamic tract in the lateral funiculus |
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Definition
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Term
| the flexor reflex determines that the pain pathway in the spinal is at least partially intact and impulses are arriving at the |
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Definition
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Term
| In a ______ the crossed-extensory reflex is not normall apparent |
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Definition
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Term
| extension of the contralateral limb |
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Definition
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Term
| If a CxE reflex is observed in a laterally recumbent animal, it is evidence of |
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Definition
| abnormal spinal cord function |
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Term
| Clincally important flexor reflexes |
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Definition
Thoracic limb flexor
pelvic limb flexor |
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Term
| Thoracic limb flexor reflex peripheral nerves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Elicited when the animal is in lateral recumbent position. When pressure is applied to the pads of the feet, the normal response is active extension of the limb (to support weight) receptors in skin, muscle and joints are involved. |
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Definition
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Term
| Pinching or Pricking of the anus. Should observe external anal sphincter contraction and flexion of tail. Involves the ____(1)___ nerve. Spinal cord segments (2). Be careful of spelling. |
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Definition
Pudendal Nerve;
S1-3
P E R I N E A L |
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Term
| Contraction of cutaneous trunci in response to stimulus of skin Segements ____. Carried up the spinal cord in the WHITE matter to synapse on LMN in the ____ spinal cord segment.Efferents from LATERAL thoracic Nerve. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gradual filling of the bladder causes increased intervesicular pressure. Impulses from bladder ____1____ travel to the spinal cord over ___2___ fibers that indirectly excite preganglionic ____3____ neruons supplying the detrusor muscle. |
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Definition
1)mechanoreceptors
2)GVA
3)parasympathetic |
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Term
| Impulses are carried to the bladder via GVE fibers in the |
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Definition
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Term
| The contraction of smooth m. fibers supplied by the ______ promotes evacuation of urnine from the bladder. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cooperating with ________ activity is the conscious relaxtion of striated urethral musculature in the _________. This is accomplished by GSE fibers in the _______ nerve. |
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Definition
autonomic reflexive activity;
External Urethral Sphincter;
Pudendal nerve |
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Term
| During periods of filling, activity in the ________ nerve increases which inhibits bladder contraction. Supplied by the GVE fibers arising from spinal cord segments ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| For normal micturition, long tractrs of the spinal cord are also involved which includes (3) |
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Definition
nuclei of the brain stem;
cerebellum;
cerebral cortex |
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Term
| Lesions cranial to the sacral spinal cord segments or IN the sacral segment cause: |
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Definition
Loss of volitional control
retention of urine
distension overflow |
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Term
| Lesions IN the the sacral spinal cord result in |
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Definition
| larger volumes being retained. |
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Term
| if the sacral cord segments are intact, the bladder |
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Definition
| is capable of reflex emptying and can be intitated by abdominal compression. |
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Term
normal: sole of foot results in plantar flexion of toes or no response.
trama: dorsal extension of the toes "fanning" Positive |
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Definition
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